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261.
262.
Generally it is not easy task whether the stable systems governed by nonlinear ordinary differential equations are asymptotically stable or not. This problem often appears in studying a collision and avoidance control problem based on the stability theory. In this paper we devoted to finding conditions that the stable system obtained from the collision and avoidance control problem is asymptotically stable. 相似文献
263.
Bok Lyeon Lee Yoon Hee Lee Il Yoon Jong Hwa Jung Ki-Min Park Shim Sung Lee 《Microchemical Journal》2001,68(2-3)
Extraction and transport behaviors of isomeric oxathia macrocycles (L2, ortho-; L3, meta- and L4, para-isomer) and their structure related open-chain compound (L1) towards Ag(I) picrate have been examined. From the plot of log (DAg(I)/[pic−]) vs. log [L]0 for all of the ionophores were linear with slope near unity, thereby confirming the 1:1:1 complex formations of Ag(I)/ligand/picrate ion to be extracted into the dichloromethane phase. The extractability of an acyclic ionophore was superior to those of the corresponding cyclic ones. In membrane transport experiments, the slow rate of release of Ag(I) from the membrane into the receiving phase seems to be responsible for lower transport efficiency. Upon addition of sodium thiosulfate as a stripping reagent in receiving phase, the efficiency of transport is significantly enhanced in the order of L1 (acyclic)>L2 (ortho-)>L3 (meta-)>L4 (para-) in accordance with those of log Kex values. It is hypothesized that the ion-pair complexation of L1 in extraction step would be more favorable in extraction and transport of Ag(I). Its structure have been confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis of [Ag(L1)pic], where L1=1,10-bis(mercaptobenzylyl)-4,7-dioxadecane. 相似文献
264.
Nam Sook Cho Soon Il Hong Jin‐Gyu Kim Il‐Hwan Suh 《Acta Crystallographica. Section C, Structural Chemistry》2000,56(2):229-230
The title compound, C14H16N4O8S4, has crystallographic C2 symmetry with half a molecule in the asymmetric unit and a dihedral angle of 58.7 (1)° between the two planar 1,3,4‐thiadiazole five‐membered rings of the macrocyclic, giving the molecule a twisted conformation. 相似文献
265.
Kyung‐Lae Park Byoung‐Gi Moon Sang‐Hun Jung Jin‐Gyu Kim Il‐Hwan Suh 《Acta Crystallographica. Section C, Structural Chemistry》2000,56(10):1247-1250
The title compound, (S)‐(+)‐4‐[5‐(2‐oxo‐4,5‐dihydroimidazol‐1‐ylsulfonyl)indolin‐1‐ylcarbonyl]anilinium chloride (S)‐(+)‐1‐[1‐(4‐aminobenzoyl)indoline‐5‐sulfonyl]‐4‐phenyl‐4,5‐dihydroimidazol‐2‐one, C24H23N4O4S+·Cl?·C24H22N4O4S, crystallizes in space group C2 from a CH3OH/CH2Cl2 solution. In the crystal structure, there are two different conformers with their terminal C6 aromatic rings mutually oriented at angles of 67.69 (14) and 61.16 (15)°. The distances of the terminal N atoms (of the two conformers) from the chloride ion are 3.110 (4) and 3.502 (4) Å. There are eight distinct hydrogen bonds, i.e. four N—H?Cl, three N—H?O and one N—H?N, with one N—H group involved in a bifurcated hydrogen bond with two acceptors sharing the H atom. C—H?O contacts assist in the overall hydrogen‐bonding process. 相似文献
266.
An unsteady numerical simulation was performed for locally forced separated and reattaching flow over a backward-facing step. The local forcing was given to the separated and reattaching flow by means of a sinusoidally oscillating jet from a separation line. A version of the k––fμ model was employed, in which the near-wall behavior without reference to distance and the nonequilibrium effect in the recirculation region were incorporated. The Reynolds number based on the step height (H) was fixed at ReH=33 000, and the forcing frequency was varied in the range 0StH2. The predicted results were compared and validated with the experimental data of Chun and Chun. It was shown that the unsteady locally forced separated and reattaching flows are predicted reasonably well with the k––fμ model. To characterize the large-scale vortex evolution due to the local forcing, numerical flow visualizations were carried out. 相似文献
267.
The physical event of the umbrella inversion of ammonia has been studied in detail by application of the formalisms of frontier orbital theory, the density functional theory, the localized molecular orbital method, and the energy partitioning analysis. An intuitive structure for the transition state and dynamics of the physical process of structural reorganization prior to inversion have been suggested. The computation starts with the CNDO/2 equilibrium geometry, and thereafter the cycle proceeds through all the conformations of ammonia obtained by varying the ∠HNH angle in steps of 2° from its equilibrium value up to the transition state. The geometry of each conformation is optimized with respect to the length of the N–H bond. The glimpses of the charge density reorganization during the movement of the molecule from equilibrium conformation toward the transition state is computed in terms of dipole moment and the quantum mechanical hybridizations of bond pair and lone pair of N atom through the localized molecular orbitals (LMOs) of all the conformations. Results demonstrate that as the geometry of the molecule begins to evolve through the reorganization of structure, the N–H bond length and the dipole moment begin to decrease, and the trend continues up to the transition state. The dipole moment of the molecule at the suggested transition state is zero. The computed nature of quantum mechanical hybridization of bond pair and lone pair of the N atom as a function of reaction coordinates of the ∠HNH angles reveals that the percentage of s character of the lone pair hybrid decreases and that of the bond pair hybrid forming the σ(N–H) bond increases during the process of geometry reorganization from the equilibrium shape to the transition state. The rationale of the zero dipole moment of the transition state for inversion is not straightforward from its point‐group symmetry, but is self‐evident from its electronic structure drawn in terms of LMOs. The electronic structure of the transition state, which may be drawn in terms of the LMOs, seems to closely reproduce its suggested intuitive structure. The pattern of variation of dipole moment and nature of the changes of the percentage of the s character in the lone pair hybrid creating dipole with the evolution of geometry during the physical process of structural reorganization for the inversion are found to be nicely correlated according to the suggestion of Coulson. The profiles of the increasing strength of the N–H bond and the increasing percentage of s character of the bond pair hybrid of N atom forming this bond as a function of reaction coordinates are also found to be correlated in accordance with the suggestion of Coulson. The profile of global hardness as a function of reaction coordinate seems to demonstrate that the dynamics of the evolution of the molecular structure from equilibrium shape to the transition state following the course of suggested mode of structural reorganization conforms to the principle of maximum hardness (PMH). The profiles of parameters like the energies of highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO and LUMO), the gap in energy between HOMO and LUMO, the global hardness, the global softness, and chemical potential as a function of reaction coodinates of a continuous structural evolution from equilibrium shape to the transition state mimic the potential energy diagram of the total energy. Both the frontier orbital parameters and the density functional quantities are found to be equally effective and reliable to monitor the process of necessary structural reorganization prior to the inversion of mofecules. An energy partitioning analysis demonstrates that the origin of barrier has no unique single source rather as many as four mutually exclusive but interacting one‐ and two‐center energy terms within the molecule entail the origin and the height of the barrier. From a close analysis of the results, it seems highly probable that the necessary structural reorganization prior to umbrella inversion of ammonia most realistically occurs following the course of normal modes of vibration of the molecule. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 80: 1–26, 2000 相似文献
268.
Direct Metallization of Gold Nanoparticles on a Polystyrene Bead Surface using Cationic Gold Ligands
Jun‐Ho Lee Dong Ouk Kim Gyu‐Seok Song Youngkwan Lee Seung‐Boo Jung Jae‐Do Nam 《Macromolecular rapid communications》2007,28(5):634-640
Gold nanoparticles are formed to cover the surface of sulfonated‐polystyrene (PS) beads by the in‐situ ion‐exchange and chemical reduction of a stable cationic gold ligand, which makes it different from the physical adsorption or multiple electroless metallization methods. PS beads are synthesized by dispersion polymerization with a diameter of 2.7 µm, and their surface is modified by introducing sulfonic acid groups (SO) to give an ion exchange capacity of up to 2.25 mequiv. · g−1, which provides 1.289 × 1010 SO per bead. Subsequently, the anionic surface of the PS beads is incorporated with a cationic gold ligand, dichlorophenanthrolinegold(III) chloride ([AuCl2(phen)]Cl), through an electrostatic interaction in the liquid phase to give gold nanoparticles (ca. 1–4 nm in diameter) formed on the PS surface. Assuming that approximately three SO groups interact with one [AuCl2(phen)]+ ion in the ion‐exchange process, the gold coverage on a PS bead is estimated as 12.0 wt.‐%, which compares well with the 16.8 wt.‐% of gold loading measured by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. Because of the adjustable IEC values of the polymer surface and the in‐situ metallization of Au in the presence of S atoms, both of which are of a soft nature, the developed methodology could provide a simple and controllable route to synthesize a robust metal coating on the polymer bead surface.
269.
A method for rapid two-stage dynamic-dynamic tensile loading of polymers, based on a tensile Hopkinson bar apparatus, is established.
In this technique, the initial incident wave and its reflection are used to load a specimen in quick succession. Consequently,
the specimen is stressed, momentarily unloaded, then reloaded until fracture. By adopting appropriate assumptions, a procedure
to obtain the associated stress-strain curves for such double-stage loading is formulated. These assumptions are examined
experimentally and analytically to substantiate their validity. To verify the proposed approach, a relatively rate-insensitive
material, LEXAN 141 polycarbonate, was subjected to two-stage dynamic tension. The stress-strain curves obtained via the procedure
established were compared with results from static loading. Favorable correlation between the two indicates that the proposed
technique can be applied to the study of load history effects on the dynamic behavior of polymeric materials. 相似文献
270.
Hyperfine Interactions - Ultrafine Ti-doped CoFe2O4 powders, Ti0.2Co1.2Fe1.6O4, are fabricated by the sol gel method and their magnetic and crystallographic properties depending on annealing... 相似文献