Local and non-local sources of airborne particulate pollution at Beijing——The ratio of Mg/Al as an element tracer for estimating the contributions of mineral aerosols from outside Beijing

1 Introduction The long-range transport of airborne particulatematter is one of the most important pathways of globalbiogeochemistry cycle. As an important component oftroposphere aerosols, mineral aerosol is estimatedabout one half of total amounts of tr…     

Large-scale distribution of elements in Chinese aerosol

In spite of increasing attention on Chinese aerosol, there has never been a country-wide survey of its general characteristics. This paper presents elemental data for aerosol at 23 sites in and around China, mostly drawn from the literature, and shows some of the large-scale patterns. Al, Na, and Se are used to represent the crustal, marine, and pollution components, respectively. Most of the patterns are aligned in SW-NE. Al and Na are highest to the NW and the SE, respectively, and their ratio changes rapidly near the coast. Se has a broad maximum over Central China, and the Se/Al ratio （an indicator of pollution vs. crustal aerosol） increases progressively from the NW to the SE. A simple index for simulating pollution aerosol, which uses population density, annual precipitation, and mean wind speed, adequately reproduces the large-scale pattern of pollution aerosol and shows how crustal Al in the NW gradually gives way to flyash Al toward the SE.     

理想自聚焦棒透镜和Maxwell鱼眼微球透镜对有限远物点成像及球差

本文用变折射率介质中的光线理论研究了具有双曲正割折射率分布的理想自聚焦棒透镜对有限远物点成像的像距及其纵、横向球差的计算公式。并将它与Ｍａｘｗｅｌｌ鱼眼微球透镜对有限远物点的成像作对比。严格的数值计算结果表明：两类透镜的纵、横向球差都随折射率梯度的增强而减小。弱梯度时棒透镜比球镜的球差小；但强梯度短物距时球透镜可达到比棒透镜的球差小一、两个数量级。     

颗粒弥散Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ基复合透氧膜材料的制备、结构与性能研究

通过外加等摩尔分数的ZrO2 和过量BaO,原位生成一定比例的BaZrO3 基第二相颗粒复合的制备法,对具有较高氧渗透率的Ba0. 5Sr0. 5Co0. 8Fe0. 2O3-δ进行了原位引入Ba(Sr)Zr(CoFe)O3 第二相颗粒的改性研究发现引入的第二相颗粒不但具有抑制基相晶粒的生长、细化和均化基相晶粒的作用,同时减小了基相高温氧脱量而起到稳定相结构的作用.引入5%ZrO2 和5%过量BaO复合物的抗弯强度比纯相提高68%;引入10%Zr和10%过量BaO、20%ZrO2 和20%过量BaO的复合物(均为摩尔分数),在850℃以下具有更高的氧渗透率;合物的电导率随第二相颗粒含量的增加而减小;氧脱附量较小的复合物的载流子浓度相对稳定,因而升降温过中电导率热回滞峰较小.     

中性红／蒙脱石／SnO2化学修饰电极制备及电化学性能

蒙脱石有很好的层状结构、大的表面积和优良的吸附性,与其它修饰材料(如Nafion)相比有较高的热稳定性和化学稳定性。是可以利用的廉价材料。用它制成的化学修饰电极(CME)已用于电催化、电有机合成等。 本文报道中性红(NR)/蒙脱石/SnO_2 CME的制备及其电化学性能。实验结果表明,用蒙脱石作修饰层材料,对电活性物质有很好的富集作用,制得的CME有较好的稳定性。虽然电活性物在蒙脱石膜界面的扩散系数较小,但由于在膜内有较高的浓度,因而制得的CME比空白     

蒙脱石修饰碳糊电极测定氨基酸的研究：Ⅰ.色氨酸的测定

本文用含10％蒙脱石的修饰碳糊电极研究了测定色氨酸的方法。发现在0.001mol/L KCl-HCl(pH=2.0)溶液中富集、介质交换后用微分脉冲伏安法测定,于+0.75V出峰,在20.～10.0μg/ml范围内有线性。相对标准偏差为2.60％。检测限为70ng/ml,该电极具有很强的抗干扰能力。用此方法直接测定氨基酸药物样品中的色氨酸,结果良好。     

Synthesis of dual-doped non-precious metal electrocatalysts and their electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction

The pyrolyzed carbon supported ferrum polypyrrole(Fe-N/C) catalysts are synthesized with or without selected dopants, p-toluenesulfonic acid(TsOH), by a facile thermal annealing approach at desired temperature for optimizing their activity for the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) in O2-saturated 0.1 mol/L KOH solution. The electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry(CV) and rotating disk electrode(RDE) are employed with the Koutecky-Levich theory to quantitatively obtain the ORR kinetic constants and the reaction mechanisms. It is found that catalysts doped with TsOH show significantly improved ORR activity relative to the TsOH-free one. The average electron transfer numbers for the catalyzed ORR are determined to be 3.899 and 3.098, respectively, for the catalysts with and without TsOH-doping. The heat-treatment is found to be a necessary step for catalyst activity improvement, and the catalyst pyrolyzed at 600℃ gives the best ORR activity. An onset potential and the potential at the current density of-1.5 mA/cm2 for TsOH-doped catalyst after pyrolysis are 30 mV and 170 mV, which are more positive than those without pyrolized. Furthermore, the catalyst doped with TsOH shows higher tolerance to methanol compared with commercial Pt/C catalyst in 0.1 mol/L KOH. To understand this TsOH doping and pyrolyzed effect, X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscope(SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) are used to characterize these catalysts in terms of their structure and composition. XPS results indicate that the pyrrolic-N groups are the most active sites, a finding that is supported by the correspondence between changes in pyridinic-N content and ORR activity that occur with changing temperature. Sulfur species are also structurally bound to carbon in the forms of C–Sn–C, an additional beneficial factor for the ORR.     

Linear scan stripping voltammetry of copper(II) at the chemically modified carbon paste electrode

A new chemically modified electrode (CME), -benzoinoxime (CUPRON) modified carbon paste electrode, for determining copper(II) is reported because of its excellent selectivity and sensitivity. The electrode is made by mixing a quantity of CUPRON (25%, w/w) with graphite powder (50%, w/w) and paraffin oil (25%, w/w). The CME preferentially deposits copper from the pH 8.5 NH₃-NH₄Cl buffer solution containing copper(II) under an open circuit and most of metal ions do not interfere with the measurements. The detection limit (S/N of three) for determining Cu(II) is 3 × 10^–10 g/ml after 10 min accumulation in fast linear scan stripping voltammetric measurement. Linear calibration curves are obtained for Cu(II) concentration ranged from 1 × 10^–8 M to 1 × 10^–6 M. The response can be maintained with relative standard deviation of 6.0% in a 5 × 10^–6 M Cu(II) solution after eight accumulation/measurement/ regeneration cycles at the same electrode surface. The effect resulted from carbon paste preparation, reduction potential, electrode renewal, electrolyte and solution pH, preconcentration time, concentration dependence, possible interference and other variables has been evaluated. As for application, the CME demonstrates its high sensitivity and copper-selectivity in complex composition samples, such as anodic mud and polluted water.     

Ultrasonic flexural vibration assisted chemical mechanical polishing for sapphire substrate

The sapphire substrates are polished by traditional chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) and ultrasonic flexural vibration (UFV) assisted CMP (UFV-CMP) respectively with different pressures. UFV-CMP combines the functions of traditional CMP and ultrasonic machining (USM) and has special characteristics, which is that ultrasonic vibrations of the rotating polishing head are in both horizontal and vertical directions. The material removal rates (MRRs) and the polished surface morphology of CMP and UFV-CMP are compared. The MRR of UFV-CMP is two times larger than that of traditional CMP. The surface roughness (root mean square, RMS) of the polished sapphire substrate of UFV-CMP is 0.83 Å measured by the atomic force microscopy (AFM), which is much better than 2.12 Å obtained using the traditional CMP. And the surface flatness of UFV-CMP is 0.12 μm, which is also better than 0.23 μm of the traditional CMP. The results show that UFV-CMP is able to improve the MRR and finished surface quality of the sapphire substrates greatly. The material removal and surface polishing mechanisms of sapphire in UFV-CMP are discussed too.     

质子交换膜燃料电池膜电极组催化层结构

膜电极组件(MEA)是质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)的核心元件,而催化层是MEA的核心部分。催化层既是电化学反应的场所,同时也为质子、电子、反应气体和水提供运输通道,其结构对PEMFC的成本及性能有很大的影响。本文综述了近年来国内外催化层结构方面的研究进展,介绍了催化层中聚合物电解质(Nafion)含量、溶剂的性质和其他添加剂对MEA结构和性能的影响,MEA热压参数的研究进展以及目前常见的催化层涂布方法。