We consider situations in which shares ofn firms are held by the samen firms as well as by individual investors. The probelm is to determine the actual control of the firms by the individual investors.In part 1, we develop the mathematical model, and explain the basic notions of clutter and of effective reduction. In part 2 we introduce the idea of a consistent reduction, prove existence of such, and show the relation between consistent and effective reductions. In part 3 we introduce multilinear extensions and show how these can be used to calculate the effective and consistent reductions. Several examples are worked out in detail. 相似文献
Cesium-137 is a fission product of 235U and 239Pu. After a major nuclear accident, it is released into the atmosphere and in the far field region it will produce radioactively contaminated food and drinking water. This paper will study the specific activity of 137Cs in three Costa Rican export products: tuna fish, coffee and powdered milk. The average specific activities found are as follows: 0.89±0.41, 1.16±0.76 and 4.53±2.00 Bq kg−1. They represent low values compared to their derived intervention levels: 1.25 × 107, 1.25 × 107 and 2.44 × 105 Bq kg−1, respectively. 相似文献
The notion of automorphism is an essential tool to capture the meaning of any mathematical structure. We apply this idea to cooperative games and obtain two interesting characterizations of the automorphisms of such a game: the one, in the complete case, as the permutations of players which preserve the (classical) Shapley value; the other, for the general case, as the permutations preservingall weighted Shapley values.Carreras' research supported by project UPV 036321-HA186/92 of the Basque Country University. Owen's research supported by the National Science Foundation, Grant DMS-9116416. This collaboration was made possible by the Polytechnic University of Catalonia, which sponsored Owen's visit to Terrassa. 相似文献
In many production/inventory systems, not only is the production/inventory capacity finite, but the systems are also subject to random production yields that are influenced by factors such as breakdowns, repairs, maintenance, learning, and the introduction of new technologies. In this paper, we consider a single-item, single-location, periodic-review model with finite capacity and Markov modulated demand and supply processes. When demand and supply processes are driven by two independent, discrete-time, finite-state, time-homogeneous Markov chains, we show that a modified, state-dependent, inflated base-stock policy is optimal for both the finite and infinite horizon planning problems. We also show that the finite-horizon solution converges to the infinite-horizon solution. 相似文献
We present an effective method for speckle noise removal in digital speckle pattern interferometry, which is based on a wave-atom thresholding technique. Wave atoms are a variant of 2D wavelet packets with a parabolic scaling relation and improve the sparse representation of fringe patterns when compared with traditional expansions. The performance of the denoising method is analyzed by using computer-simulated fringes, and the results are compared with those produced by wavelet and curvelet thresholding techniques. An application of the proposed method to reduce speckle noise in experimental data is also presented. 相似文献
The incorporation of cyclodextrins (CDs) to nonviral cationic polymer vectors is very attractive due to recent studies that report a clear improvement of their cytocompatibility and transfection efficiency. However, a systematic study on the influence of the CD derivatization is still lacking. In this work, the relevance of β‐CD permethylation has been addressed by preparing and evaluating two series of copolymers of the cationic N‐ethyl pyrrolidine methacrylamide (EPA) and styrenic units bearing pendant hydroxylated and permethylated β‐CDs (HCDSt and MeCDSt, respectively). For both cell lines, CDs permethylation shows a strong influence on plasmid DNA complexation, “in vitro” cytocompatibility and transfection efficiency of the resulting copolymers over two murine cell lines. While the incorporation of the hydroxylated CD moiety increased the cytotoxicity of the copolymers in comparison with their homopolycationic counterpart, the permethylated copolymers have shown full cytocompatibility as well as superior transfection efficiency than the controls. This behavior has been related to the different chemical nature of both units and tentatively to a different distribution of units along the polymeric chains. Cellular internalization analysis with fluorescent copolymers supports this behavior.
In this paper the sinh-power model is developed as a natural follow up to the log-linear Birnbaum-Saunders power model. The class of models resulting, incorporates the sinh-power-normal model, the ordinary sinh-normal model and the log-linear Birnbaum-Saunders model (Rieck and Nedelman, Technometrics 33:51–60, 1991). Maximum likelihood estimation is developed with the Hessian matrix used for standard error estimation. An application is reported for the data set on lung cancer studied in Kalbfleisch and Prentice (2002), where it is shown that the log-linear Birnbaum-Saunders power-normal model presents better fit than the log-linear Birnbaum-Saunders model. Another application is devoted to a fatigue data set previously analyzed in the literature. A nonlinear Birnbaum-Saunders power-normal model is fitted to the data set, with satisfactory performance. 相似文献
A simple and efficient synthesis of fluoroalkylated α-amino nitrile (4) derivatives by regioselective 1,2-addition of trimethylsilyl cyanide to fluoroalkylated α,β-unsaturated imines (1) is described. Fluoroalkylated β-amino nitriles (7) are also prepared by regioselective 1,2-addition of α-carbanions derived from acetonitrile to fluoroalkylated α,β-unsaturated imines (1). Fluoroalkylated α-(4) and β-amino nitriles (7) are also prepared through an ‘one pot’ procedure by reaction of enaminophosphonate 2 with BuLi, addition of aldehydes and subsequent addition of either trimethylsilyl cyanide or α-carbanion derived from acetonitrile. Basic hydrolysis of α-(4) and β-amino nitriles (7) gives fluoroalkylated α-(5) and β-amino acids (8). 相似文献