2020年诺贝尔化学奖的再思考——归属争议与原创表彰

2020年诺贝尔化学奖授予两位女性科学家——埃马纽埃尔.卡彭蒂耶和詹妮弗.杜德纳。回顾CRISPR-Cas9技术的发展史,她们完整地说明了该技术的原理、作用,并研发了CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑技术,符合诺贝尔奖奖励原创的要求,是争议最小的获奖者人选。专利和诺贝尔奖在维护发明者权益、促进科学的发展上都具有重要的作用,且不能仅以其中一项的结果判断另一项的归属,目前的归属差异不影响非商业应用的学术研究,并客观上推动了原创研究的产出。进一步思考原创的概念,明确基础科学的定位,加强对创新人才的鼓励和支持,注重诺贝尔奖颁奖历史的梳理,也是本次诺贝尔奖给予我们的启示。     

飞秒激光辐照Tm:YAG晶体的紫外发光研究(英文)

本文报道了室温下飞秒激光辐照Tm∶YAG晶体的紫外光上转换荧光。Tm3+荧光的强度与泵浦光的功率之间的依赖关系揭示了晶体的上转换过程由三光子吸收过程所主导。研究表明上能级粒子的增加来自于Tm3+吸收一个泵浦光子跃迁到3H4能级后再吸收两个泵浦光子,然后离子跃迁至下能级产生上转换荧光。     

农作物冠层光谱信息的施肥管理分区研究

随着地面遥感技术的不断发展,越来越多的农作物冠层光谱检测传感器被应用到了农业生产,其中应用较为广泛的就是Greenseeker植物光谱检测仪,利用Greenseeker植物光谱检测仪可以获取农作物冠层光谱信息归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据,从而能够进行农作物的施肥管理分区的划分,依据划分好的施肥管理分区可以实现有针对性的变量施肥。模糊c-均值(FCM)算法是划分农作物施肥管理分区常用的算法,但是模糊c-均值算法具有一定的局限性,就是在计算过程中随着NDVI数据量的增加会不断进行数据的迭代计算,从而会影响施肥管理分区划分的速度。在模糊c-均值算法的基础上提出一种基于模型的模糊c-均值(MFCM)算法,基于模型的模糊c-均值算法在划分农作物施肥管理分区过程中不必在每获取一组数据时就对全部数据进行迭代计算,可有效提高划分施肥管理分区的速度。通过搭建的农作物冠层光谱信息采集平台获取大豆和玉米的NDVI数据,利用基于模型的模糊c-均值算法划分大豆和玉米的施肥管理分区,使用分区评价指标轮廓系数(SC)和调整兰德指数(ARI)评价划分施肥管理分区的效果。结果表明,随着获取的NDVI数据量的不断增加,...     

丙烯腈-衣康酸基纳米纤维纱线的热稳定及碳化研究

碳纳米纤维主要以聚丙烯腈(PAN)作为前驱体,通过纺丝、热稳定、碳化等后处理工艺制备而得.但是,PAN基纳米纤维取向度低、致密性差,热稳定后环化度低,碳化后导电性差等缺点阻碍其在高性能碳纳米纤维领域的发展.因此,在PAN分子链中引入衣康酸(IA),通过溶液聚合法合成了P(AN-co-IA)共聚物并通过静电纺丝法制备了P...     

Low-temperature Heat Capacities and Thermodynamic Properties of Hydrated Sodium Cupric Arsenate [ NaCuAsO4·1.5H2O(s)]

Low-temperature heat capacities of the solid compound NaCuAsO4 · 1.5H2O(s) were measured using a precision automated adiabatic calorimeter over a temperature range of T = 78 K to T = 390 K. A dehydration process occurred in the temperature range of T = 368-374 K. The peak temperature of the dehydration was observed to be TD = (371.828±0.146) K by means of the heat-capacity measurement. The molar enthalpy and entropy of the dehyperimental values of heat capacities for the solid(Ⅰ) and the solid-liquid mixture(Ⅱ) were respectively fitted to two polynomial equations by the least square method. The smoothed values of the molar heat capacities and the fundamental thermodynamic functions of the sample relative to the standard reference temperature 298.15 K were tabulated at an interval of 5 K.     

一类两体三参量态的量子纠缠特性

讨论了一类三参量量子态的纠缠特性.计算了2(×)n量子系统该类态的concurrence,讨论了其形成纠缠度的下限.并计算了m(×)n量子系统(2≤m≤n)该类态的负值度,得到了解析表达式.研究表明参量θ=π/4时,该类量子态的纠缠达到最大值,并归结为已有文献研究的一类二参量量子态.对于2(×)n量子系统三参量量子态,其concurrence等于负值度,所有的PPT态都是可分离的,所有的NPT态都是纠缠的.对于高维情形,三参量态就没有类似的结论.     

基于主成分的改进雷达图及其在综合评价中的应用

本文从可视化角度出发,在总结传统可视化方法因优点与不足的基础上,将主成分分析、因子分析与雷达图结合,改进了传统的可视化方法。并将新的可视化方法引入到综合评价中,提出了一种基于雷达图面积的综合评价模型,实例验证该种方法切实有效。     

人造复眼成像系统研究的新进展

人造复眼成像系统具有体积小、功耗低、视角范围广等优点，是一种应用前景非常广阔的光成像系统。综述了人造复眼成像系统的研究背景及最新的研究进展，其中包宿基于不同仿生设计理念的各种新型人造复眼结构以及能够实现诸如彩色成像、指纹识别、全视角成像等新功能的实验系统；展望了人造复眼成像系统今后的研究方向。     

Measurements of the HCN ν3 band broadened by N2

N₂-broadened halfwidths have been measured for 51 absorption lines belonging to the ν₃ fundamental band of hydrogen cyanide (¹H¹²C¹⁴N) near 3311 cm^?1. The data were recorded at room temperature using a Fourier transform spectrometer with a nominal resolution of 0.06 cm^?1. A nonlinear least-squares spectral-fitting procedure was used to obtain both line intensities and collision-broadened halfwidths from scans recorded at several different pressures. The N₂-broadened halfwidths, determined for all lines with J ≤ 25 in both the P and R branches of the band, show the expected distribution with J for broadening by a nonpolar gas. The halfwidth values range from approximately 0.17 cm^?1 atm^?1 near the band center to 0.11 cm^?1 atm^?1 for high-J lines. The band intensity for the ν₃ fundamental derived from these measurements is 236.2 ± 9.5 cm^?2 atm^?1 at 296 K, and empirical coefficients for the vibration-rotation interaction F-factor were also determined.     

The galaxy-galaxy correlation function as an indicator of critical phenomena in cosmology

We approximate the observable Universe by a collection of equal mass galaxies linked into a many body system by their mutual gravitational interaction. Under the assumptions of (i) nonrelativistic approximation and (ii) global quasi-equilibrium, the partition function of this system can be cast in terms of Ising model spin variables and maps exactly onto a three-dimensional scalar classical field theory. The full machinery of the renormalization group and critical phenomena is brought to bear on this field theory allowing one to calculate the galaxy-to-galaxy correlation function, whose critical exponent is predicted to be between 1.530 to 1.862, to be compared to the phenomenological/observational value of 1.6 to 1.8.