Deazapurine solid-phase synthesis: construction of 3-substituted pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylates on cross-linked polystyrene bearing a cysteamine linker

The first solid-phase methodology for the preparation of pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidines is presented. Merrifield resin bearing a cysteamine "traceless" linker was treated with 4-oxo-N-(PhF)proline benzyl ester (10; PhF = 9-(9-phenylfluorenyl)) to provide resin-bound aminopyrrole 20, which was treated with ethyl, phenyl, 4-phenoxyphenyl, and 2,4-dimethoxyphenyl isocyanates to furnish resin-bound ureidopyrroles 21a-d. Resin-bound pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidines 22a-d were then obtained by acylation of 21 using trichloroacetyl chloride in dioxane followed by treatment with Cs2CO3 in DMF. Cleavage of pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidines 22a-d from the resin was achieved in two steps, by oxidation of the sulfur to the sulfone followed by beta-elimination in the presence of t-BuONa. Four pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidines, 24a-d, with different alkyl and aryl substituents at the N3 pyrimidine nitrogen, were thus obtained in overall yields of 42-50% and purities of 90-100%.     

Synthesis of Functionalized Spiro[cycloalkanono-2,3'-thiophenes] via Tandem Conjugate Addition-Cyclization of 3-Oxoacid Thioanilides to Nitroalkenes

A convenient method is described for the synthesis of functionalized spiro[cycloalkanono-2,3-thiophenes] by treatment of cyclic 3-oxoacid thioanilides with -nitrostyrenes. Reaction of the obtained products with acetic anhydride yielded the corresponding oxime acetates.     

Reference-free NOE NMR analysis

Nuclear Overhauser Effect (NOE) methods in NMR are an important tool for 3D structural analysis of small molecules. Quantitative NOE methods conventionally rely on reference distances, known distances that have to be spectrally separated and are not always available. Here we present a new method for evaluation and 3D structure selection that does not require a reference distance, instead utilizing structures optimized by molecular mechanics, enabling NOE evaluation even on molecules without suitable reference groups.

A quantitative Nuclear Overhauser Effect (NOE) analysis approach that avoids the use of and internal reference distance to perform molecular configuration selection.     

Quantum chemical study of several monocyclic complex β‐lactam C‐3, C‐4, and N‐derivatives,and β‐ring model molecules

A quantum chemical study of several complex monocyclic 4‐benzoyl‐4‐phenyl‐β‐lactam derivatives was carried out using cyclobutane, azetidine, 2‐azetidinone, 1‐methyl‐2‐azetidinone, and 3‐methyl‐2‐azetidinone as model compounds. The optimum geometry was obtained for the different conformations. The planarity of the ring was discussed in terms of the influence of the substituents on the amide resonance. To better analyze the amide resonance and the activity of the β‐lactam ring, a vibrational study was also carried out. To examine the influence of solvent polarity on the carbonyl bands, the Fourier transform–infrared (FT‐IR) spectra of the β‐lactam monocyclic derivatives were recorded in CCl₄, C₆H₆, and CHCl₃ solutions. The normal vibrations of the β‐lactam ring in the model compounds were characterized and used in the analysis of the β‐ring of more complex derivatives. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002     

Basis set quality versus size II. Approximate GTO wave functions for second row transition metal atoms

Basis sets ranging in size from (16, 10, 7) to (20, 14, 11) have been derived for the atoms Y–Cd. Separate sets represent the energy optimized wave functions for each of the s²dⁿ, s¹dⁿ⁺¹, and s⁰dⁿ⁺² configurations. The energies from the largest sets are within 3 mhartrees of the values obtained in numerical Hartree–Fock calculations. Reasonable Hartree–Fock s²dⁿ– s¹dⁿ⁺¹ and s²dⁿ– s⁰dⁿ⁺² excitation energies may be obtained either using the largest basis sets, or using d-orbitals optimized for the s⁰dⁿ⁺² configurations. The basis sets are slightly unbalanced in favor of the s-functions and in disfavor of the d-functions, but various alternative basis sets may be derived by combining parts of the five parent sets. The convergence of radial expectation values is discussed.     

Regioselective synthesis of 4- and 5-oxazole-phosphine oxides and -phosphonates from 2H-azirines and acyl chlorides

A simple and efficient regioselective synthesis of 4-oxazole-phosphine oxides 11 and -phosphonates 12 from 2H-azirine-phosphine oxides 1 and -phosphonates 6 is described. The key step for the synthesis of oxazoles 11 is a base-mediated ring closure of vinylogous α-aminophosphorus compounds derived from phosphine oxides 4 and from phosphonates 8. These derivatives 4 and 8 are obtained by reaction of functionalized azirines 1 and 6 with acyl chlorides 2 and subsequent acid-catalyzed ring opening of N-acylaziridine-phosphine oxides 3 and -phosphonates 7. Regioselective thermal ring cleavage of N-acylaziridine-phosphine oxides 3 leads α-chloro-β-(N-acylamido)-phosphine oxides 13 and their treatment with bases gives 5-oxazole-phosphine oxides 16.     

Asymmetric synthesis of 2H-azirines derived from phosphine oxides using solid-supported amines. Ring opening of azirines with carboxylic acids

A simple and efficient asymmetric synthesis of 2H-azirine-2-phosphine oxides 3 is described. The key step is a solid-phase bound achiral or chiral amine-mediated Neber reaction of beta-ketoxime tosylates derived from phosphine oxides 1. Reaction of 2H-azirines 3 and 11 with carboxylic acids 4 gives phosphorylated ketamides 5 and 12. Ring closure of ketamides 5 and 12 with triphenylphosphine and hexachloroethane in the presence of triethylamine leads to the formation of phosphorylated oxazoles 8 and 13.     

Synthesis of pyrazine-phosphonates and -phosphine oxides from 2H-azirines or oximes

[reaction: see text] Tetrasubstituted pyrazines containing two phosphonate groups 2 in positions 2 and 5 and trisubstituted pyrazines containing a phosphonate 5 or a phosphine oxide group 7 in position 2 are obtained by thermal treatment of 2H-azirine-2-phosphonates 1 and -phosphine oxides 6. These pyrazines can also be prepared from beta-ketoxime tosylates 9 and 10 or from oxime derived from phosphine oxide 11.     

Determination of oxytetracycline in urine and human serum by differential pulse polarography

Summary A differential pulse polarographic method for the determination of oxytetracycline in urine and human serum in acid media (HClO₄ of pH 2) is proposed. The effects of the amount of sample taken and the concentration of HClO₄ present were investigated. The detection limit was 5.5×10^–6 mol/l. The standard deviation of the determination of 5.5×10^–5 mol/l of oxytetracycline in 2 ml of urine was 1.7×10^–6 mol/l and that of the determination of 5.5×10^–5 mol/l of oxytetracycline in 2 ml of human serum was 1.9×10^–6 mol/l.

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Bestimmung von Oxytetracyclin in Urin und Humanserum durch Differential-Pulspolarography

     

The relative importance of delocalization terms in proton spin-spin coupling constants

An expression for the atom-atom poiarizability between the1s orbitals of geminal or vicinal protons has been derived by perturbation theory using thePople-Santry Theory of electron systems. The coupling constants calculated on this basis agree well with these obtained from full molecular orbital calculations. Expressions have been obtained for the variation of vicinal coupling constants with dihedral angle in ethane and the HCC bond angle and C-C bond length in ethylene, and these agree well with corresponding expressions obtained using the VB method.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurde ein Ausdruck für die Atom-Atom-Polarisierbarkeit zwischen den1s Orbitalen geminaler bzw. vicinaler Protonen abgeleitet mittels Störungsrechnung unter Benutzung derPople-Santry-Theorie für-Elektronensysteme. Die auf dieser Basis berechneten Koppelungskonstanten stimmen gut mit denen aus einer vollständigen MO Rechnung überein. Es wurden Ausdrücke erhalten für die Änderung der vicinalen Koppelungskonstanten mit dem Diederwinkel in Äthan sowie dem HOC Bindungswinkel und der C-C Bindungsiänge in Äthylen, die gut mit den entsprechenden Ausdrücken aus der VB Methode übereinstimmen.

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Résumé A l'aide de la théorie dePople etSantry sur les systèmes d'électrons, nous dérivons de la théorie des perturbations une expression pour la polarisabiiité atome-atome entre les orbitales1s des protons géminaux ou vicinaux. Les constantes de couplage ici calculées s'accordent bien à celles obtenues des calculs OM complets. Les expressions obtenues pour la variation du couplage vicinal avec l'angle dihédrique dans l'éthane, et l'angle HCC et la distance C-C dans l'éthylène, s'accordent bien aux formules correspondantes de la méthode de la mésomérie.