全文获取类型
收费全文 | 856篇 |
免费 | 7篇 |
国内免费 | 3篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 599篇 |
晶体学 | 9篇 |
力学 | 23篇 |
数学 | 86篇 |
物理学 | 149篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 3篇 |
2022年 | 11篇 |
2021年 | 23篇 |
2020年 | 11篇 |
2019年 | 12篇 |
2018年 | 10篇 |
2017年 | 6篇 |
2016年 | 23篇 |
2015年 | 11篇 |
2014年 | 9篇 |
2013年 | 62篇 |
2012年 | 36篇 |
2011年 | 38篇 |
2010年 | 36篇 |
2009年 | 31篇 |
2008年 | 53篇 |
2007年 | 48篇 |
2006年 | 42篇 |
2005年 | 48篇 |
2004年 | 40篇 |
2003年 | 30篇 |
2002年 | 51篇 |
2001年 | 11篇 |
2000年 | 8篇 |
1999年 | 10篇 |
1998年 | 8篇 |
1997年 | 12篇 |
1996年 | 15篇 |
1995年 | 11篇 |
1994年 | 11篇 |
1993年 | 13篇 |
1992年 | 4篇 |
1991年 | 6篇 |
1990年 | 7篇 |
1989年 | 11篇 |
1988年 | 4篇 |
1987年 | 4篇 |
1986年 | 5篇 |
1985年 | 8篇 |
1984年 | 7篇 |
1983年 | 6篇 |
1982年 | 9篇 |
1981年 | 9篇 |
1980年 | 11篇 |
1979年 | 8篇 |
1978年 | 10篇 |
1977年 | 5篇 |
1976年 | 6篇 |
1975年 | 3篇 |
1973年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有866条查询结果,搜索用时 11 毫秒
51.
Emanuela Colombo Rosaria Pascente Daniela Triolo Claudia Bassani Anthea De Angelis Francesca Ruffini Linda Ottoboni Giancarlo Comi Gianvito Martino Cinthia Farina 《Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)》2020,25(22)
Astrocytes greatly participate to inflammatory and neurotoxic reactions occurring in neurodegenerative diseases and are valuable pharmacological targets to support neuroprotection. Here we used human astrocytes generated from reprogrammed fibroblasts as a cellular model to study the effect of the compound Laquinimod and its active metabolite de-Laquinimod on astrocyte functions and the astrocyte–neuron interaction. We show that human iAstrocytes expressed the receptor for the inflammatory mediator IL1 and responded to it via nuclear translocation of NFκB, an event that did not occur if cells were treated with Laquinimod, indicating a direct anti-inflammatory activity of the drug on the human astrocyte. Similarly, while exposure to IL1 downregulated glial glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT1, treatment with Laquinimod supported maintenance of physiological levels of these proteins despite the inflammatory milieu. Laquinimod also induced nuclear translocation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), suggesting that drug action was mediated by activation of the AHR pathway. However, the drug was effective despite AHR inhibition via CH223191, indicating that AHR signaling in the astrocyte is dispensable for drug responses. Finally, in vitro experiments with rat spinal neurons showed that laquinimod did not exert neuroprotection directly on the neuron but dampened astrocyte-induced neurodegeneration. Our findings indicate that fibroblast-derived human astrocytes represent a suitable model to study astrocyte–neuron crosstalk and demonstrate indirect, partial neuroprotective efficacy for laquinimod. 相似文献
52.
Emo Chiellini Giancarlo Galli Sven T. Lagerwall Lachezar Komitov 《Macromolecular Symposia》1995,96(1):79-94
The scope for the synthesis and investigation of chiral smectic A liquid crystalline (LC) polymers and block copolymers is discussed. LC block copolymers can combine the molecular order of liquid crystals and the supramolecular order typical of block copolymers, thus allowing to attain information on mesomorphic responses in restricted geometries. We present a general overview on several aspects of the syntheses and properties of LC block copolymers, specifically those obtained by starting from azomacroinitiators. These materials can exhibit an electroclinic effect, that is an electrically induced molecular tilt, which is characterized by a linear dependence on the applied field and a very fast response time in the paraelectric smectic A phase. The current progress in their potential application in electrooptics is outlined. 相似文献
53.
In this work we investigate whether information theory measures like mutual information and transfer entropy, extracted from a bank network, Granger cause financial stress indexes like LIBOR-OIS (London Interbank Offered Rate-Overnight Index Swap) spread, STLFSI (St. Louis Fed Financial Stress Index) and USD/CHF (USA Dollar/Swiss Franc) exchange rate. The information theory measures are extracted from a Gaussian Graphical Model constructed from daily stock time series of the top 74 listed US banks. The graphical model is calculated with a recently developed algorithm (LoGo) which provides very fast inference model that allows us to update the graphical model each market day. We therefore can generate daily time series of mutual information and transfer entropy for each bank of the network. The Granger causality between the bank related measures and the financial stress indexes is investigated with both standard Granger-causality and Partial Granger-causality conditioned on control measures representative of the general economy conditions. 相似文献
54.
Raffaele Giancarlo Roberto Grossi 《Journal of Algorithms in Cognition, Informatics and Logic》1997,24(2):223-265
We introduce a new multidimensional pattern matching problem that is a natural generalization of string matching, a well studied problem[1]. The motivation for its algorithmic study is mainly theoretical. LetA[1:n1,…,1:nd] be a text matrix withN = n1…ndentries andB[1:m1,…,1:mr] be a pattern matrix withM = m1…mrentries, whered ≥ r ≥ 1 (the matrix entries are taken from an ordered alphabet Σ). We study the problem of checking whether somer-dimensional submatrix ofAis equal toB(i.e., adecisionquery).Acan be preprocessed andBis given on-line. We define a new data structure for preprocessingAand propose CRCW-PRAM algorithms that build it inO(log N) time withN2/nmaxprocessors, wherenmax = max(n1,…,nd), such that the decision query forBtakesO(M) work andO(log M) time. By using known techniques, we would get the same preprocessing bounds but anO((dr)M) work bound for the decision query. The latter bound is undesirable since it can depend exponentially ond; our bound, in contrast, is independent ofdand optimal. We can also answer, in optimal work, two further types of queries: (a) anenumerationquery retrieving all ther-dimensional submatrices ofAthat are equal toBand (b) anoccurrencequery retrieving only the distinct positions inAthat correspond to all of these submatrices. As a byproduct, we also derive the first efficient sequential algorithms for the new problem. 相似文献
55.
Denote by γ the Gauss measure on ℝ
n
and by ${\mathcal{L}}${\mathcal{L}} the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck operator. In this paper we introduce a Hardy space
\mathfrakh1g{{\mathfrak{h}}^1}{{\rm \gamma}} of Goldberg type and show that for each u in ℝ ∖ {0} and r > 0 the operator (rI+L)iu(r{\mathcal{I}}+{\mathcal{L}})^{iu} is unbounded from
\mathfrakh1g{{\mathfrak{h}}^1}{{\rm \gamma}} to L
1γ. This result is in sharp contrast both with the fact that (rI+L)iu(r{\mathcal{I}}+{\mathcal{L}})^{iu} is bounded from H
1γ to L
1γ, where H
1γ denotes the Hardy type space introduced in Mauceri and Meda (J Funct Anal 252:278–313, 2007), and with the fact that in the Euclidean case (rI-D)iu(r{\mathcal{I}}-\Delta)^{iu} is bounded from the Goldberg space
\mathfrakh1\mathbbRn{{\mathfrak{h}}^1}{{\mathbb{R}}^n} to L
1ℝ
n
. We consider also the case of Riemannian manifolds M with Riemannian measure μ. We prove that, under certain geometric assumptions on M, an operator T{\mathcal{T}}, bounded on L
2
μ, and with a kernel satisfying certain analytic assumptions, is bounded from H
1
μ to L
1
μ if and only if it is bounded from
\mathfrakh1m{{\mathfrak{h}}^1}{\mu} to L
1
μ. Here H
1
μ denotes the Hardy space introduced in Carbonaro et al. (Ann Sc Norm Super Pisa, 2009), and
\mathfrakh1m{{\mathfrak{h}}^1}{\mu} is defined in Section 4, and is equivalent to a space recently introduced by M. Taylor (J Geom Anal 19(1):137–190, 2009). The case of translation invariant operators on homogeneous trees is also considered. 相似文献
56.
Ying Li Anne Sylvie Fabiano-Tixier Valérie Tomao Giancarlo Cravotto Farid Chemat 《Ultrasonics sonochemistry》2013,20(1):12-18
A green, inexpensive and easy-to-use method for carotenoids extraction from fresh carrots assisted by ultrasound was designed in this work. Sunflower oil was applied as a substitute to organic solvents in this green ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE): a process which is in line with green extraction and bio-refinery concepts. The processing procedure of this original UAE was first compared with conventional solvent extraction (CSE) using hexane as solvent. Moreover, the UAE optimal conditions for the subsequent comparison were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) and ultra performance liquid chromatography – diode array detector – mass spectroscopy (UPLC–DAD–MS). The results showed that the UAE using sunflower as solvent has obtained its highest β-carotene yield (334.75 mg/l) in 20 min only, while CSE using hexane as solvent obtained a similar yield (321.35 mg/l) in 60 min. The green UAE performed under optimal extraction conditions (carrot to oil ratio of 2:10, ultrasonic intensity of 22.5 W cm?2, temperature of 40 °C and sonication time of 20 min) gave the best yield of β-carotene. 相似文献
57.
Fulvio Ricci Giancarlo Travaglini 《Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society》2001,129(6):1739-1744
Let be a convex curve in the plane and let be the arc-length measure of Let us rotate by an angle and let be the corresponding measure. Let . Then This is optimal for an arbitrary . Depending on the curvature of , this estimate can be improved by introducing mixed-norm estimates of the form where and are conjugate exponents. 相似文献
58.
Luca Brandolini Allan Greenleaf Giancarlo Travaglini 《Transactions of the American Mathematical Society》2007,359(6):2559-2575
We prove several variations on the results of F. Ricci and G. Travaglini (2001), concerning bounds for convolution with all rotations of arc length measure on a fixed convex curve in . Estimates are obtained for averages over higher-dimensional convex (nonsmooth) hypersurfaces, smooth -dimensional surfaces, and nontranslation-invariant families of surfaces. We compare Ricci and Travaglini's approach, based on average decay of the Fourier transform, with an approach based on boundedness of Fourier integral operators, and show that essentially the same geometric condition arises in proofs using the two techniques.
59.
Raffaele Cerulli Paola Festa Giancarlo Raiconi 《Computational Optimization and Applications》2003,26(2):191-208
In this paper, the problem of finding a shortest path tree rooted at a given source node on a directed graph (SPT) is considered. A new efficient algorithm based on a primal-dual approach is presented, which improves both the convergence and the complexity of the best known auction-like algorithm. It uses the virtual source (VS) concept based on the following consideration: when a node i is visited for the first time by any algorithm which preserves verified the dual admissibility conditions, then the shortest path (SP) from the source node to i is found. Therefore, the SP from the source to the remaining nodes may be computed by considering i as a virtual source.We propose a very efficient implementation of an auction-like algorithm that uses this concept and enables us to obtain a computational cost of O(n
2), where n is the number of nodes.Numerical experimentsare reported showing that the new method outdoes previously proposed auction-like algorithms and is highly competitive with other state-of-art SP approaches. 相似文献