A segmented radiofrequency-only quadrupole collision cell for measurements of ion collision cross section on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer

The gas collision cell of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer has been modified to consist of ten short quadrupole rod segments that allow an axial field to be applied to the cell in order to make measurements of ion mobility. The radiofrequency (rf)-quadrupole field provides effective radial confinement that greatly reduces diffusional losses at low pressure. The mobilities of mass-selected ions from an ionspray source have been measured at a pressure of 8 × 10^?3 torr at electric fields of 0. 1 to 3 V/cm, and used to calculate the collision cross sections of the ions. The measured cross sections compare well with those measured by other techniques.     

Selective surface chemistry of allyl alcohol and allyl aldehyde on Si(1 0 0)2×1: Competition of [2 + 2] CC cycloaddition with O-H dissociation and with [2 + 2] CO cycloaddition in bifunctional molecules

Competition between the CC functional group with the OH group in allyl alcohol and with the CO group in allyl aldehyde in the adsorption and thermal chemistry on Si(1 0 0)2×1 has been studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), as well as density-functional theory (DFT) calculations. The similarities found in the C 1s and O 1s spectra for both molecules indicate that the O-H dissociation product for allyl alcohol and [2 + 2] CO cycloaddition product for allyl aldehyde are preferred over the corresponding [2 + 2] CC cycloaddition products. Temperature-dependent XPS and TPD studies further show that thermal evolution of these molecules gives rise to the formation of ethylene, acetylene, and propene on Si(1 0 0)2×1, with additional CO evolution only from allyl alcohol. The formation of these desorption products also supports that the [2 + 2] CC cycloaddition reaction does not occur. In addition, the formation of SiC at 1090 K is observed for both allyl alcohol and allyl aldehyde. We propose plausible surface-mediated reaction pathways for the formation of these thermal evolution products. The present work illustrates the crucial role of the Si(1 0 0)2×1 surface in selective reactions of the Si dimers with the O−H group in allyl alcohol and with the CO group in allyl aldehyde over the CC functional group common to both molecules.     

A Simple and Efficient Procedure for Synthesis of Optically Active 1,2,4‐Triazolo‐[3,4‐b]‐1,3,4‐Thiadiazole Derivatives Containing l‐Amino Acid Moieties

Some new and optically active 1,2,4‐triazolo thiadiazoles bearing N‐phthaloyl‐l ‐amino acids were synthesized by reaction of 4‐amino‐5‐(3‐ or 4‐)pyridyl‐3‐mercapto‐(4H)‐1,2,4‐triazoles with N‐phthaloyl‐l ‐amino acids in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride. All the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and elemental analysis.     

Hydrodynamics and oxygen mass transfer in a packed bed split-cylinder airlift reactor containing dilute alcoholic solutions

In this article, the influences of alcohols on the hydrodynamics and oxygen mass transfer characteristics in an airlift reactor equipped with packing were investigated. The hydrodynamic parameters and mass transfer coefficient in 1 % (v/v) aqueous solutions of four aliphatic alcohols were tested. It was concluded that alcohols addition increased gas holdup and gas–liquid mass transfer coefficient. The packing installation increased mass transfer coefficient, gas holdup and liquid circulation velocity, as well.     

Scale-dependent effects on wave propagation in magnetically affected single/double-layered compositionally graded nanosize beams

This article deals with the wave propagation analysis of single/double layered functionally graded (FG) size-dependent nanobeams in elastic medium and subjected to a longitudinal magnetic field employing nonlocal elasticity theory. Material properties of nanobeam change gradually according to the sigmoid function. Applying an analytical solution, the acoustical and optical dispersion relations are explored for various wave number, nonlocality parameter, material composition, elastic foundation constants, and magnetic field intensity. It is found that frequency and phase velocity of waves propagating in S-FGM nanobeam are significantly affected by these parameters. Also, presence of cut-off and escape frequencies in wave propagation analysis of embedded S-FGM nanobeams is investigated.     

DNA implementation for optical waveguide as a switchable transmission line and memristor

In this paper, an optical waveguide has been developed based on the (Deoxyribonucleic acid) DNA core as a multi-slab structure by switching characteristic at 300 THz. We show that how the DNA with various electrical characteristics can be considered as a reconfigurable material which is placed between two optical metal layers. Therefore, we can control the current and voltage density values based on the divergence of the DNA types as an optical switch. Moreover, we can select the Au and Ag for the metal coat. In this research, we demonstrate that the Ag/DNA/Ag and Au/DNA/Ag have better performance in switching qualification than Au/DNA/Au model as a conventional structure. This DNA core waveguide has a switchable feature which cannot be found at any conventional plasmonic waveguide. The FDTD time domain is used for simulating the waveguide and the current density is considered as an ON/OFF switch. We carry out parametric studies for the physical dimensions of the waveguide and illustrate that how we can improve the switching characteristic. Moreover, we have checked the coupling effect between the transmission lines and defined the figure of merit for switching quality. This structure can be considered as an optical memristor and optical “YES” gate which couldn’t be obtained by other graphene waveguide while it became feasible based on DNA switching feature.     

Determination of fatty acids by high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection using precolumn derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate

A new high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described for the determination of fatty acids in seed oils. The method was based on precolumn derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate as a labeling agent and fluorescence detection. Fatty acids were extracted from the samples and subjected to derivatization with the reagent at 60°C for 10?min. The chromatographic separation of 14 fatty acids (C10–C22) was achieved on a combined loading compression octadecyl sulfate (CLC-ODS) column with a run time of 30?min. Three-step gradient elution of a mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and water was used, and the signal was monitored at excitation and emission wavelengths of 265 and 315?nm, respectively. The method indicated favorable sensitivity and reproducibility for fatty acids’ derivatives. The detection limits, at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3, were 0.01–0.05?µg/ml and relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than 0.27%. Excellent linear responses were observed with coefficients of 0.9995. This method was applied to quantify fatty acids in white, brown, and black sesame seeds’ oil.     

A continuous vibration theory for rotors with an open edge crack

In this paper a new continuous model for flexural vibration of rotors with an open edge crack has been developed. The cracked rotor is considered in the rotating coordinate system attached to it. Therefore, the rotor bending can be decomposed in two perpendicular directions. Two quasi-linear displacement fields are assumed for these two directions and the strain and stress fields are calculated in each direction. Then the final displacement and stress fields are obtained by composing the displacement and stress fields in the two directions. The governing equation of motion for the rotor has been obtained using the Hamilton principle and solved using a modified Galerkin method. The free vibration has been analyzed and the critical speeds have been calculated. Results are compared with the finite element results and an excellent agreement is observed.     

Effects of the van der Waals force,squeeze-film damping,and contact bounce on the dynamics of electrostatic microcantilevers before and after pull-in

The operational range of microcantilever beams under electrostatic force can be extended beyond pull-in in the presence of an intermediate dielectric layer. In this paper, a systematic method for deriving dynamic equation of microcantilevers under electrostatic force is presented. This model covers the behavior of the microcantilevers before and after the pull-in including the effects of van der Waals force, squeeze-film damping, and contact bounce. First, a polynomial approximate shape function with a time-dependent variable for each configuration is defined. Using Hamilton’s principle, dynamic equations of microcantilever in all configurations have been derived. Comparison between modeling results and previous experimental data that have been used for validation of the model shows a good agreement.