全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3324篇 |
免费 | 68篇 |
国内免费 | 17篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 2022篇 |
晶体学 | 20篇 |
力学 | 113篇 |
数学 | 556篇 |
物理学 | 698篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 30篇 |
2021年 | 29篇 |
2020年 | 44篇 |
2019年 | 39篇 |
2018年 | 35篇 |
2017年 | 35篇 |
2016年 | 65篇 |
2015年 | 75篇 |
2014年 | 75篇 |
2013年 | 138篇 |
2012年 | 158篇 |
2011年 | 172篇 |
2010年 | 115篇 |
2009年 | 86篇 |
2008年 | 177篇 |
2007年 | 196篇 |
2006年 | 195篇 |
2005年 | 152篇 |
2004年 | 122篇 |
2003年 | 106篇 |
2002年 | 119篇 |
2001年 | 68篇 |
2000年 | 71篇 |
1999年 | 52篇 |
1998年 | 38篇 |
1997年 | 37篇 |
1996年 | 53篇 |
1995年 | 33篇 |
1994年 | 45篇 |
1993年 | 52篇 |
1992年 | 46篇 |
1991年 | 37篇 |
1990年 | 32篇 |
1989年 | 32篇 |
1988年 | 25篇 |
1986年 | 23篇 |
1985年 | 32篇 |
1984年 | 39篇 |
1983年 | 27篇 |
1982年 | 40篇 |
1981年 | 35篇 |
1980年 | 38篇 |
1979年 | 37篇 |
1978年 | 32篇 |
1977年 | 31篇 |
1976年 | 24篇 |
1975年 | 26篇 |
1974年 | 35篇 |
1973年 | 38篇 |
1970年 | 18篇 |
排序方式: 共有3409条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
121.
Dr. A. Pernille Tofteng Dr. Søren L. Pedersen Prof. Dan Staerk Prof. Knud J. Jensen 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2012,18(29):9024-9031
Precise microwave heating has changed the way many small molecules are being synthesized and, currently, the field of solid‐phase peptide synthesis is undergoing dramatic changes owing to the use of microwave heating. To fully reap the benefits of precise microwave heating for the formation of amide bonds in peptide synthesis, it is important to understand the kinetics of formation and break‐down of activated esters and their N‐acylation of the nascent peptide chain at elevated temperatures. Herein, we present systematic studies of, first, the rate of formation of activated esters by NMR spectroscopy and, second, their N‐acylation during peptide synthesis. A study of the amount of residual water in the solvents revealed a significant effect on electrophilic reagents and intermediates. This observation was expanded into a general study of microwave heating in peptide synthesis. 相似文献
122.
Hossein Ali Khonakdar Mahdi Golriz Seyed Hassan Jafari Hossein Abedini Udo Wagenknecht Gert Heinrich 《Macromolecular theory and simulations》2012,21(5):340-349
Transreactions of PET and PEN melt‐mixed in a twin‐screw extruder are investigated. The extruder is modeled and characterized in the frame of a tubular system of closed type. The kinetic modeling is based on a modified second‐order reversible reaction equation, which allows the dispersion equation to be solved analytically. The analysis shows a good agreement between the model and experiment. The axial dispersion model is employed to predict the extent of transesterification reactions (X) and degree of randomness (RD). 1H NMR measurements are performed to estimate X and RD. Theoretical and experimental data are in good agreement. The model can thus be exploited to describe the effects of processing parameters, mixing time, mixing temperature, and blend composition on X and RD.
123.
124.
Per Malmberg Eva Jennische Daniel Nilsson Håkan Nygren 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2011,399(8):2711-2718
The use of high-resolution, imaging TOF-SIMS is described and examples are made to demonstrate the application of the method
in medical research. Cytochemistry by TOF-SIMS is shown by localization of diacylglycerol (DG) in cryostat sections of hyaline
cartilage and by localization of corticosterone in cryostat sections of the adrenal gland cortex. Quantitative measurements
and comparison of groups is shown by comparing the lipid content of adipose tissue from two mouse strains, transgenic mouse
expressing the FOXC2 gene and wild-type controls. Finally, biopsies made for histopathological diagnosis of infantile reversible
cytochrome c oxidase deficiency myopathy were analyzed in order to define the chemical content of areas showing a pathological
structure in the light microscope. The use of high-resolution, imaging TOF-SIMS in medical research allows analysis of intact
tissue and probe-free localization of specific target molecules in cells and tissues. The TOF-SIMS analysis is not dependent
on penetration of reagents into the sample and also independent of probe reactivity such as cross-reactivity or background
staining. The TOF-SIMS method can be made quantitative and allows for analysis of specific target molecules in defined tissue
compartments. 相似文献
125.
126.
M. Jankov G. Løvoll H. A. Knudsen K. J. Måløy R. Planet R. Toussaint E. G. Flekkøy 《Transport in Porous Media》2010,84(3):569-585
The effects of seismic stimulation on the flow of two immiscible fluids in an elastic synthetic porous medium is experimentally investigated. A wetting fluid is slowly evacuated from the medium, while a pressure oscillation is applied on the injected non- wetting fluid. The amplitude and frequency of the pressure oscillations as well as the evacuation speed are kept constant throughout an experiment. The resulting morphology of the invading structure is found to be strongly dependent on the interplay between the amplitude and the frequency of the applied pressure oscillations and the elasticity of the porous medium. Different combinations of these properties yield morphologically similar structures, allowing a classification of structures that is found to depend on a proposed dimensionless number. 相似文献
127.
Eva Greibe Magnus Leth-Møller Sofie Stampe Per Ovesen Michael Pedersen Elke Hoffmann-Lücke 《Biomedical chromatography : BMC》2022,36(6):e5350
Artificial sweeteners are widely used as substitutes for sugar. The sweeteners are generally considered safe, however their whereabouts during pregnancy and lactation and the effect on child development are poorly explored. There is a need for new tools to measure these substances during pregnancy and lactation. Here, we describe the development and validation of a sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of acesulfame, cyclamate, saccharin and sucralose in human plasma, umbilical cord blood, amniotic fluid and breast milk. The samples were prepared by protein precipitation and separated on a Luna Omega Polar C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.6 μm). Electrospray ionization in negative mode and multiple reaction monitoring were used to monitor the ion transitions. The validated concentration ranges were from 1 to 500 ng/ml (10–500 ng/ml for sucralose). Interassay precisions were all ≤15% and the accuracies were within ±15%. Stability, linearity, dilution integrity, carryover and recovery were also examined and satisfied the validation criteria. Finally, this analytical method was successfully applied on spiked samples of plasma, umbilical cord blood, amniotic fluid and breast milk, proving its suitability for use in clinical studies on artificial sweeteners, including during pregnancy and lactation. 相似文献
128.
David Moe Almenningen Brita Susanne Haga Henrik Erring Hansen Dr. Audun Formo Buene Prof. Dr. Bård Helge Hoff Prof. Dr. Odd Reidar Gautun 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2022,28(51):e202201726
Designing and evaluating novel dye concepts is crucial for the development of the field of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). In our recent report, the novel concept of tethering the anti-aggregation additive chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) to dyes for DSSC was introduced. Based on the performance improvements seen for this modification, the aim of this study is to see if a simplified anti-aggregation unit could achieve similar results. The following study reports the synthesis and photovoltaic characterization of two novel dyes decorated with the steric ethyladamantyl moiety on the π-spacer, and on the triarylamine donor. This modification is demonstrated to be successful in increasing the photovoltages in devices employing copper-based electrolytes compared to the non-modified reference dye. The best photovoltaic performance is achieved by a device prepared with the adamantyl decorated donor dye and CDCA, this device achieves a power conversion efficiency of 6.1 % (Short-circuit current=8.3 mA cm−2, Open-circuit voltage=1054 mV, Fill factor=0.69). The improved photovoltaic performance seen for the adamantyl decorated donor demonstrate the potential of ethyladamantyl side chains as a tool to ensure surface protection of TiO2. 相似文献
129.
Dr. Ádám Eördögh Annabell Martin Prof. Dr. Pablo Rivera-Fuentes 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2022,28(71):e202202832
Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) can reveal nanometric details of biological samples, but its high phototoxicity hampers long-term imaging in live specimens. A significant part of this phototoxicity stems from repeated irradiations that are necessary for controlled switching of fluorophores to maintain the sparse labeling of the sample. Lower phototoxicity can be obtained using fluorophores that blink spontaneously, but controlling the density of single-molecule emitters is challenging. We recently developed photoregulated fluxional fluorophores (PFFs) that combine the benefits of spontaneously blinking dyes with photocontrol of emitter density. These dyes, however, were limited to imaging acidic organelles in live cells. Herein, we report a systematic study of PFFs that culminates in probes that are functional at physiological pH and operate at longer wavelengths than their predecessors. Moreover, these probes are compatible with HaloTag labeling, thus enabling timelapse, single-molecule imaging of specific protein targets for exceptionally long times. 相似文献
130.
József Medve Jerry Ståhlberg Folke Tjerneld 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》1997,66(1):39-56
Adsorption to microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel) of pure cellobiohydrolase I and II (CBH I and CBH II) fromTrichoderma reesei has been studied. Adsorption isotherms of the enzymes were measured at 4‡C using CBH I and CBH II alone and in reconstituted
equimolar mixtures. Several models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Jovanovic) were tested to describe the experimental adsorption
isotherms. The isotherms did not follow the basic (one site) Langmuir equation that has often been used to describe adsorption
isotherms of cellulases; correlation coefficients (R2) were only 0.926 and 0.947, for CBH I and II, respectively. The experimental isotherms were best described by a model of
Langmuir type with two adsorption sites and by a combined Langmuir-Freundlich model (analogous to the Hill equation); using
these models the correlation coefficients were in most cases higher than 0.995. Apparent binding parameters derived from the
two sites Langmuir model indicated stronger binding of CBH II compared to CBH I; the distribution coefficients were 20.7 and
3.7 L/g for the two enzymes, respectively. The binding capacity, on the other hand, was higher for CBH I, 1.0 Μmol (67 mg)
per gram Avicel, compared to 0.57 Μmol/g (30 mg/g) for CBH II. The isotherms when analyzed with the combined Langmuir-Freundlich
model indicated presence of unequal binding sites on cellulose and/or negative cooperativity in the binding of the enzyme
molecules. 相似文献