Highly Selective Ion-Sensitive Electrodes Based on Dibenzo-Crown Ethers Containing Functional Groups for the Determination of Potassium in Biological Fluids

The electrochemical properties of membranes based on dibenzo-crown ethers bearing hydroxyl and chloromethyl groups in polyether rings were studied. These substances were tested as membrane ionophores for ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) reversible to potassium ion. The developed ISEs were used for determining potassium in blood plasma samples. The generalized results of determining potassium in the blood of different patients with cardiovascular diseases revealed quantitative regularities that allowed the diseases to be diagnosed early.     

Die kathodische Sauerstoffreduktion an pyrolytisch abgeschiedenem Kohlenstoff in peroxidhältigen alkalischen Elektrolyten

The kinetics of the system O₂/HO₂ ^?, OH^? were studied at pyrolytic carbon in alkaline electrolytes. The rest potentials are close to the reversible values. They decrease by 30 mV when the HO₂ ^?-concentration is increased by a factor 10. CathodicTafel lines displayb-values between 70 and 95 mV. The exchange current densities are evaluated by extrapolation ofTafel lines to zero overvoltage and from the charge transfer resistance. Two different succeeding charge transfer reactions occur in course of the overall process, the first of which is the rate-determining step. A cathodic reaction order of zero is obtained with respect to HO₂ ^?. Theb values of anodicTafel lines are between 60 and 80 mV, the corresponding reaction order concerning the HO₂ ^? concentration is found to be +0.5. The kinetic studies prove the reversibility of the system O₂/HO₂ ^?, OH^? at carbon electrodes. The reaction mechanism is: $$\begin{array}{*{20}c} {O_2 + e^ - \rightleftarrows O_2 } \\ {O_{2^ - } + H_2 O \rightleftarrows HO_2 + OH - } \\ {HO_2 + e^ - \rightleftarrows HO_{2^ - } } \\ \end{array} $$ .     

Degradation of 4-Chlorophenol using a Gas–Liquid Gliding Arc Discharge Plasma Reactor

The gas–liquid gliding arc discharge plasma is used directly to study degradation and dechlorination of 4-Chlorophenol (4-CP) in solution. The typical AC waveforms of discharge voltage and current revealed that the discharge behavior was not definitely periodic. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) abatement of 4-CP solution with stainless steel electrode is higher than that with aluminum or brass electrode; When air was used as carrier gas the COD abated from 1,679.2 to 190 mg/L (i.e., 88.68% abatement) after 76 min plasma treatment; Increasing gas–liquid mixing rate could also increase the degradation of 4-CP; adding appropriate amounts of Fe²⁺ or iron chips to the solution were found to be favorable for 4-CP degradation. The main intermediates of 4-CP degradation are p-benzoquinone, hydroquinone, 4-chlorocatechol, p-chloronitrobenzene, and ring cleavage products (acetic acid, glycol, propanone, and others). Furthermore, possible pathways of 4-CP degradation in solution are proposed.     

Enzymatic kinetic resolution of racemic 4-tetrahydropyranols by Candida rugosa lipase

Enzymatic kinetic resolution of (±)-hydroxytetrahydropyrans has been achieved for the first time by means of lipase-mediated transesterification to afford optically active (2S,4R)-tetrahydropyranyl acetates and (2R,4S)-tetrahydropyranols in excellent yields with high enantioselectivity. Absolute configurations of the tetrahydropyranyl acetates were assigned as (S) by chemical correlation.     

Zur Kristallchemie eines neuen Barium-Lanthanoid-Oxozinkats: Ba2Er2Zn8O13

On the Crystal Chemistry of a New Barium Rare-Earth Oxozincate: Ba₂Er₂Zn₈O₁₃ High temperature reactions led to single crystals of Ba₂Er₂Zn₈O₁₃. It crystallizes with orthorhombic symmetry, space group C¹²_2v? Cmc2₁, a = 6.276, b = 10.871, c = 10.195 Å, Z = 2. The hitherto unknown crystal structure shows Zn²⁺ with tetrahedral, Er³⁺ octahedral and Ba²⁺ cuboctahedral coordination by O^2?. It will be shown that parts of the [Zn₈O₁₃] network are fragments of the ZnO structure showing O^2? within a tetrahedral zinc coordination. A deficit of two O^2? ions per unit cell is focused on two point positions.     

Collision-induced rotational transitions in nali(1Π)

Collision-induced rotational transitions in the electronically excited NaLi molecule have been studied using laser excited fluorescence. Due to the greater number of allowed transitions as compared with Na₂ and Li₂, more cases were found of transitions +ΔJ and ?ΔJ having greatly different cross sections (“+/ - asymmetry”). This observation is in agreement with recent predictions on the basis of Born's approximation. All observed transitions are classified according to the symmetry of the contributing potential terms. Data are presented which indicate the necessity for refinements of the theory.     

Analytical application of embelin

Summary Embelin is employed as a reagent for the gravimetric individual estimation of alkaline earth metals and magnesium.

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Zusammenfassung Zur gravimetrischen Einzelbestimmung von Magnesium und den Erdalkalien wird Embelin als Reagens empfohlen.

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Part III: Z. analyt. Chem. 185, 216 (1962).     

On the nature of the active centres in the anionic polymerization of methacrylonitrile—II. Initiation with organomagnesium compounds

It is shown by i.r. spectroscopy that the anionic polymerization of methacrylonitrile using organomagnesium compounds as initiators leads to two types of “living” ends i.e.

and

The active centres form complexes with the monomer, as well as with the nitrile groups of the monomer units in the polymer chain, in a hydrocarbon medium. The complexes are characterized by bands in the 2250–2280 cm^?1 region. Addition of donors destroys the complexes and in some cases (hexamethylphosphorous triamide) converts the complex of organomagnesium compound with monomer into a “living” end. In ethers as solvent, the dominant side-reaction is addition of the initiator to the nitrile group of the monomer.     

Phenylimino-phosphorsäure-(diäthylamid)-chloride

Zusammenfassung Monomere Phosphinimine der allgemeinen Formel C₆H₅N= =PCl _n (NEt₂)_3-n (n=0,1,2) lassen sich (I) aus dimerem Phenylimino-phosphorsäure-trichlorid und Diäthylamin in Gegenwart eines Chlorwasserstoffakzeptors und (II) durch Reaktion der Phosphine PCl _n (NEt₂)_3-n mit Phenylazid darstellen. Die Phosphorane Et₂NPCl₄, (Et₂N)₂PCl₃ und (Et₂N)₃PBr₂ reagieren mit Anilin nicht zu Phenylimino-Verbindungen. Durch alkalische Hydrolyse von C₆H₅N=PCl(NEt₂)₂ entsteht das Phosphorsäure-bis[diäthylamino]-anilid. Die IR- und¹H- und³¹P-NMR-Spektren der Verbindungen werden mitgeteilt.

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Monomeric phosphinimines of the general formula C₆H₅N= =PCl _n (NEt₂)_3-n (n=0,1,2) are formed (I) from dimeric phenyliminophosphoricacid-trichloride and diethylamine in the presence of a HCl-acceptor and (II) by reacting the phosphines PCl _n (NEt₂)_3-n with phenylazide. The phosphoranes Et₂NPCl₄, (Et₂N)₂PCl₃ and (Et₂N)₃PBr₂ do not give the corresponding phenylimines with aniline. Alkaline hydrolysis of C₆H₅N= =PCl(NEt₂)₂ gives bis[diethylamino]-anilido-phosphinoxid. IR-,¹H- and³¹P-NMR-spectra are given.

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