Microdetermination of ascorbic acid using bromine monochloride in water-acetic acid medium

A micromethod for the determination of ascorbic acid has been developed. A 2–10 mg sample dissolved in glacial acetic acid is reacted with a known excess of bromine monochloride at ice-bath temperature, and the excess reagent is back-titrated iodometrically. The maximum deviation in the results is ± 1.5%.     

Micro determination of olefinic unsaturation. Reaction of N-bromosuccinimide with olefins in polar medium

Summary A micro method for the determination of olefinic unsaturation in organic compounds has been developed. 2–10 mg sample dissolved in acetic acid is reacted with a known excess of N-bromosuccinimide at room temperature and the excess reagent is back titrated iodometrically. The maximum deviation in the results is ±2%. The compounds containing electron withdrawing groups close to the C=C site are not reactive and hence could not be determined by this procedure.

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Mikrobestimmung der Ungesättigtheit von Olefinen. Reaktion von N-Bromsuccinimid mit Olefinen in polarem Medium

Zusammenfassung 2–10mg der Probe werden in Essigsäure gelöst, mit überschüssigem Reagens versetzt und der Überschuß jodometrisch zurücktitriert. Der maximale Fehler der Ergebnisse beträgt ±2%. Verbindungen, die benachbart zur C=C-Doppelbindung elektronenentziehende Gruppen enthalten, können nicht analysiert werden.

     

Kinetics and mechanism of TI(III) oxidation of cellobiose in acidic medium

TI(III) oxidation of cellobiose in the presence of H₂SO₄ in aqueous acetic acid is first order in each reactant and is acid catalyzed. TI(OAc) ₂ ⁺ is the active species. Products identified are gluconic acid and glucose. A mechanism consistent with the temperature, solvent, acidity and salt effects is been proposed.

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TI(III) H₂SO₄ . TI(OAc) ₂ ⁺ . . , , , .

     

Synergistic extraction and spectrophotometric determination of plutonium(VI)

A rapid method for the synergistic extraction and spectrophotometric determination of plutonium(VI) in milligram amounts using a mixture of thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTA) and tributyl phosphate (TBP) in benzene has been developed. Quantitative extraction is obtained from aqueous solutions of pH=2 affording separation from many commonly occurring impurities, viz., thorium, fission products and cladding materials. The precision and accuracy of the method has been found to be∼1%. The study of the solid product isolated from the extraction system indicates the stoichiometry of the extracted species as PuO₂(TTA)₂ TBP.     

Nonlinear state feedback control design to eliminate subcritical limit cycle oscillations in aeroelastic systems

A strictly nonlinear state feedback control law is designed for an aeroelastic system to eliminate subcritical limit cycle oscillations. Numerical continuation techniques and harmonic balance methods are employed to generate analytical estimates of limit cycle oscillation commencement velocity and its sensitivity with respect to the introduced control parameters. The obtained estimates are used in a multiobjective optimization framework to generate optimal control parameters which maximize the limit cycle oscillation commencement velocity while minimizing the control cost. Numerical simulations are used to show that the assumed nonlinear state feedback law with the optimal control parameters successfully eliminates any existing subcritical limit cycle oscillations by converting it to supercritical limit cycle oscillations, thereby guaranteeing safe operation of the system in its flight envelope.     

A numerical bifurcation study of friction effects in a slip-controlled torque converter clutch

Friction plays a key role in the efficiency and stability of the slip-controlled torque converter clutches. The effects of friction on the dynamics and stability of a slip-controlled torque converter clutch system using a bifurcation-analysis-based approach is presented in this paper. A three degree-of-freedom nonlinear driveline model with integral feedback action to control the clutch slip speed has been utilized for this study. The clutch interface friction is dependent on the slip speed and is a function of the static friction constant, μ ₀, the low velocity friction constant μ ₁, and the low velocity exponential rate, γ. Using one-parameter numerical continuation, local Hopf bifurcations of the subcritical type are observed as the friction parameters μ ₁ and γ were varied at low slip speeds. The continuation results are verified using simulations of the full nonlinear model. Stick-slip and undesirable oscillations of the model inertia elements are observed for certain parameter values. As the slip speed is increased, the bifurcation instability occurs at an increasingly higher value of μ ₁ signifying an improved tolerance of negative friction gradient at higher slip speeds. Smaller exponential rates γ are tolerated at higher slip speeds before the bifurcation instability occurs. For the range of parameter values considered, no bifurcations occur for a slip speeds higher than 3.4 and 4.5 rad/s with μ ₁ and γ as the continuation parameters, respectively. These values of slip speeds are much lower than the system’s first mode of torsional vibration of 16 Hz (≈100 rad/s).     

An inviscid model for vortex shedding from a deforming body

An inviscid vortex sheet model is developed in order to study the unsteady separated flow past a two-dimensional deforming body which moves with a prescribed motion in an otherwise quiescent fluid. Following Jones (J Fluid Mech 496, 405–441, 2003) the flow is assumed to comprise of a bound vortex sheet attached to the body and two separate vortex sheets originating at the edges. The complex conjugate velocity potential is expressed explicitly in terms of the bound vortex sheet strength and the edge circulations through a boundary integral representation. It is shown that Kelvin’s circulation theorem, along with the conditions of continuity of the normal velocity across the body and the boundedness of the velocity field, yields a coupled system of equations for the unknown bound vortex sheet strength and the edge circulations. A general numerical treatment is developed for the singular principal value integrals arising in the solution procedure. The model is validated against the results of Jones (J Fluid Mech 496, 405–441, 2003) for computations involving a rigid flat plate and is subsequently applied to the flapping foil experiments of Heathcote et al. (AIAA J, 42, 2196–2204, 2004) in order to predict the thrust coefficient. The utility of the model in simulating aquatic locomotion is also demonstrated, with vortex shedding suppressed at the leading edge of the swimming body.      

Induction of the Prenylated Stilbenoids Arachidin-1 and Arachidin-3 and Their Semi-Preparative Separation and Purification from Hairy Root Cultures of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Prenylated stilbenoids such as arachidin-1 and arachidin-3 are stilbene derivatives that exhibit multiple pharmacological activities. We report an elicitation strategy using different combinations of cyclodextrin, hydrogen peroxide, methyl jasmonate and magnesium chloride to increase arachidin-1 and arachidin-3 production in peanut hairy root cultures. The treatment of hairy root cultures with cyclodextrin with hydrogen peroxide selectively enhanced arachidin-1 yield (132.6 ± 20.4 mg/L), which was 1.8-fold higher than arachidin-3. Similarly, cyclodextrin combined with methyl jasmonate selectively enhanced arachidin-3 yield (178.2 ± 6.8 mg/L), which was 5.5-fold higher than arachidin-1. Re-elicitation of the hairy root cultures further increased the levels of arachidin-1 and arachidin-3 by 24% and 42%, respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of the culture medium was consecutively fractionated by normal- and reversed-phase column chromatography, followed by semi-preparative HPLC purification on a C18 column to yield arachidin-1 with a recovery rate of 32% and arachidin-3 with a recovery rate of 39%, both at higher than 95% purity. This study provided a sustainable strategy to produce high-purity arachidin-1 and arachidin-3 using hairy root cultures of peanuts combined with column chromatography and semi-preparative HPLC.