Composite operator calculation of chiral symmetry breaking in color gauge theory

In the framework of the formalism of Cornwall et al. for composite operators, we develop a new method for the calculation of the effective potential. We apply the method to the study of chiral symmetry breaking in an SU(N) color gauge theory with n massless flavors and derive analytically the complete effective potential at two fermion loops. We find that in this approximation the theory has two phases: the symmetric phase and the broken phase into the diagonal flavor sub-group.     

Composite description for quarks and leptons from a geometrical picture of complementarity

We propose a geometrical formulation of complementarity between the Higgs phase and the confining phase of a non-abelian gauge theory, introducing local “vierbein” fields to provide for a one-to-one mapping between the states of the two phases. We investigate the gauge structure when a subgroup of the global symmetry is also gauged. The formalism is used to build up a composite model based on a SU(4) of subcolor complementary to a Pati-Salam SU(4), and allowing for dynamical symmetry breaking of SU(2)_L ? U(1).     

A method for the real time forecast of the outflow from a lake

An algorithm for the real time forecast of the outflow from a lake is described. It is assumed that the influent flows of the tributaries, the effluent flow and the lake level are measured hour by hour and used for the outflow prediction in future hours. The proposed method is tested in a real case, the 1957 spring flood of Lake Maggiore.     

AknT is an activating protein for the glycosyltransferase AknS in L-aminodeoxysugar transfer to the aglycone of aclacinomycin A

During biosynthesis of the anthracycline antitumor agents daunomycin, adriamycin, and aclacinomycin, the polyketide-derived tetracyclic aglycone is enzymatically glycosylated at the C7-OH by dedicated glycosyltransferases (Gtfs) that transfer L-2,3,6-trideoxy-3-aminohexoses. In aclacinomycins, the first deoxyhexose is predicted to be transferred via AknS action, then subjected to further elongation to a trisaccharide by the subsequent Gtf, AknK. We report here that purified AknS has very low activity in the absence of the adjacently encoded AknT; however, at a 3:1 ratio, AknT stimulates AknS k(cat) by 40-fold up to 0.22 min(-1) for transfer of L-2-deoxyfucose (2-dF) to the aglycone aklavinone. It is likely that several other Gtfs that glycosylate polyketide aglycones also act as two-component catalytic systems. Incubations of purified AknS/AknT/AknK with two aglycones and two dTDP-2-deoxyhexoses produced previously uncharacterized anthracycline disaccharides.     

Sustainable Triazine-Based Dehydro-Condensation Agents for Amide Synthesis

Conventional methods employed today for the synthesis of amides often lack of economic and environmental sustainability. Triazine-derived quaternary ammonium salts, e.g., 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride (DMTMM(Cl)), emerged as promising dehydro-condensation agents for amide synthesis, although suffering of limited stability and high costs. In the present work, a simple protocol for the synthesis of amides mediated by 2-chloro-4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine (CDMT) and a tert-amine has been described and data are compared to DMTMM(Cl) and other CDMT-derived quaternary ammonium salts (DMT-Ams(X), X: Cl⁻ or ClO₄⁻). Different tert-amines (Ams) were tested for the synthesis of various DMT-Ams(Cl), but only DMTMM(Cl) could be isolated and employed for dehydro-condensation reactions, while all CDMT/tert-amine systems tested were efficient as dehydro-condensation agents. Interestingly, in best reaction conditions, CDMT and 1,4-dimethylpiperazine gave N-phenethyl benzamide in 93% yield in 15 min, with up to half the amount of tert-amine consumption. The efficiency of CDMT/tert-amine was further compared to more stable triazine quaternary ammonium salts having a perchlorate counter anion (DMT-Ams(ClO₄)). Overall CDMT/tert-amine systems appear to be a viable and more economical alternative to most dehydro-condensation agents employed today.