Dynamic Surface Properties of Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) Solutions

The dynamic surface tension and the complex dynamic surface elasticity of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) solutions were measured in the concentration range 10(-5) wt% up to about 1 wt%. The surface tension changed slowly with time at low (<10(-4) wt%) and high concentrations (>0.1 wt%). At low concentrations this is a consequence of the slow transport by diffusion of PVP molecules from the depth of the bulk phase to the surface. At high concentrations the time effect is unexpected and probably the result of PVP contamination of high surface activity. The dynamic surface elasticity of PVP solutions gradually decreases with increasing concentration up to the range of high concentrations (>0.1 wt%) where an abrupt increase in the elasticity caused by the adsorbed impurity is observed. At low and medium concentrations the viscoelastic behavior of PVP adsorbed films is similar to that of the previously investigated poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(ethylene glycol) films and is determined by the number of loops and tails protruding into the bulk phase.     

The Extracts of Polygonum cuspidatum Root and Rhizome Block the Entry of SARS-CoV-2 Wild-Type and Omicron Pseudotyped Viruses via Inhibition of the S-Protein and 3CL Protease

COVID-19, resulting from infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, caused a contagious pandemic. Even with the current vaccines, there is still an urgent need to develop effective pharmacological treatments against this deadly disease. Here, we show that the water and ethanol extracts of the root and rhizome of Polygonum cuspidatum (Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma et Radix), a common Chinese herbal medicine, blocked the entry of wild-type and the omicron variant of the SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped virus into fibroblasts or zebrafish larvae, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 0.015 to 0.04 mg/mL. The extracts were shown to inhibit various aspects of the pseudovirus entry, including the interaction between the spike protein (S-protein) and the angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) receptor, and the 3CL protease activity. Out of the chemical compounds tested in this report, gallic acid, a phytochemical in P. cuspidatum, was shown to have a significant anti-viral effect. Therefore, this might be responsible, at least in part, for the anti-viral efficacy of the herbal extract. Together, our data suggest that the extracts of P. cuspidatum inhibit the entry of wild-type and the omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, and so they could be considered as potent treatments against COVID-19.