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81.
Double-diffusive convection due to a cylindrical source submerged in a salt-stratified solution is numerically investigated
in this study. For proper simulation of the vortex generated around the cylinder, a computational domain with irregular shape
is employed. Flow conditions depend strongly on the thermal Rayleigh number, Ra
T
, and the buoyancy ratio, R
ρ. There are two types of onset of instability existing in the flow field. Both types are due to either the interaction of
the upward temperature gradient and downward salinity gradient or the interaction of the lateral temperature gradient and
downward salinity gradient. The onset of layer instability due to plume convection is due to the former, whereas, the onset
of layer instability of layers around the cylinder is due to the latter. Both types can be found in the flow field. The transport
mechanism of layers at the top of the basic plume belongs to former while that due to basic plume and layer around the cylinder
are the latter. The increase in Ra
T
reinforces the plume convection and reduces the layer numbers generated around the cylinder for the same buoyancy ratio.
For the same Ra
T
, the increase of R
ρ suppresses the plume convection but reinforces the layers generated around the cylinder. The profiles of local Nusselt number
reflects the heat transfer characteristics of plume convection and layered structure. The profiles of averaged Nusselt number
are between the pure conduction and natural convection modes and the variation is due to the evolution of layers.
Received on 13 September 1996 相似文献
82.
Modified Stern-Volmer equation is obeyed by bovine serum albumin (BSA)-iodide system showing selective quenching of tryptophanyl
fluorescence of BSA. The fraction of accessible protein fluorescence is 0.56 and the effective Stern-Volmer constant is 290
M-1 at pH 7.4 in 0.005 M phosphate buffer at 25°C. Collisional quenching is operative both in the BSA -I−1 system and the model system, tryptophan-I−1. It is supported by the observed relationship between the ratio of quenching rate constants (k
q
) and diffusion coefficients and alsok
q
with bulk viscosity. 相似文献
83.
H. Grübmeier A. Naoumidis G. Stochniol A. Tsoga 《Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry》1995,353(3-4):393-398
Chemical interactions at the phase boundaries of materials applied for the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) have been studied by EPMA. The chemical reactivity at the interface of Lay-xSrxMnO3/ZrO2-Y2O3 is dependent on the stoichiometry (y) and the Sr content (x) of the perovskite. Typical reaction products (zirconates) and a diffusion zone in the ZrO2–Y2O3 have been observed. The extension of cation release (Mn) is related to the increasing chemical activity of Mn oxide in the perovskite by the Sr substitution for La. The wettability of the metal/oxide interface in the anode cermet (Ni/ZrO2–Y2O3) has been found to be influenced by chemical reactions resulting from the applied reducing atmosphere with high carbon activity. The disintegration of ZrO2–Y2O3 in contact with molten Ni or Ni-Ti and Ni-Cr alloys leads to the redeposition of Y2O3-enriched oxides and also to Zr-rich intermetallic compounds and eutectics. 相似文献
84.
85.
86.
Silver nitrate-acetonitrile and π iodine-benzene complexes in thermotropic liquid crystals have been studied by 1H, 2H, and 13C NMR spectroscopy and by optical microscopy. Evidence for at least two silver complexes in each liquid crystal is presented. 相似文献
87.
M.-K. Chen 《The European Physical Journal D - Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics》2002,21(1):13-18
We examine the influence of relativistic and QED effects on the existence of the 1,3P
o
H- resonances between n
= 2 and 3 hydrogen thresholds, the relativistic and QED corrections and the coupling effects between the high singlet and triplet
states are considered as first-order perturbations. We firstly obtain accurate non-relativistic resonant energies and widths
of fifteen 1P
o
resonances, and fifteen 3P
o
resonances. The fifteen 1P
o
resonances are classified to be
3
(2, 0)
-
n
( 4 ?
n
? 12) and
3
(1, 1)
+
n
( 3 ?
n
? 8). The fifteen 3P
o
resonances are classified to be
3
(2, 0)
+
n
( 3 ?
n
? 12) and
3
(1, 1)
-
n
( 4 ?
n
? 8). We found there exist six Feshbach resonances for
3
(2, 0)
-
n
(1P
o
) series, four Feshbach resonances for
3
(1, 1)
+
n
(1P
o
) series, seven Feshbach resonances for
3
(2, 0)
+
n
(3P
o
) series, and three Feshbach resonances for
3
(1, 1)
-
n
(1P
o
) series.
Received 22 February 2002 Published online 24 September 2002 相似文献
88.
G. Price 《Accreditation and quality assurance》1996,1(2):57-66
National measurement systems are infrastructures to ensure, for each nation, a consistent and internationally recognised
basis for measurement. Such complex systems have historical, technical, legal, organisational and institutional aspects to
connect scientific metrology with practical measurements. Underlying any valid measurement is a chain of comparisons linking
the measurement to an accepted standard. The ways the links are forged and the etalons (measurement standards) to which they
connect are defining characteristics of all measurement systems. This is often referred to as traceability which aims at basing
measurements in common measurement units – a key issue for the integration of quantitative chemical analysis with the evolving
physical and engineering measurement systems. Adequate traceability and metrological control make possible new technical capabilities
and new levels of quality assurance and confidence by users in the accuracy and integrity of quantitative analytical results.
Traceability for chemical measurements is difficult to achieve and harder to demonstrate. The supply of appropriate etalons
is critical to the development of metrology systems for chemical analysis. An approach is suggested that involves the development
of networks of specialised reference laboratories able to make matrix-independent reference measurements on submitted samples,
which may then be used as reference materials by an originating laboratory using its practical measurement procedures.
Received: 31 July 1995 Accepted: 19 August 1995 相似文献
89.
F. A. Rustamov 《Optical and Quantum Electronics》1995,27(2):117-125
Based on a previously developed two-level model of four-wave interaction in photorefractive crystals, expressions for the amplitude and phase of a transmission holographic grating have been obtained. The analysis of these expressions points to the dependence of both the amplitude and the phase of the grating on the intensity of the readout beam. 相似文献
90.
F. Rubio F. García H. D. Burrows A. A. C. C. Pais A. J. M. Valente M. J. Tapia J. M. García 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2007,45(9):1788-1799
The interaction between trivalent lanthanide ions and poly(1,4,7,10,13‐pentaoxacyclopentadecan‐2‐yl‐methyl methacrylate), PCR5, in aqueous solution and in the solid state have been studied. In aqueous solution, evidence of a weak interaction between the lanthanides and PCR5 comes from the small red shift of the Ce(III) emission spectra and the slight broadening of the Gd(III) EPR spectra. From the Tb(III) lifetimes in the presence of H2O and D2O the loss of one or two water coordinated molecules is confirmed when Tb(III) is bound to PCR5. An association constant of the order of 200 M?1 was obtained for a 1:1 (lanthanide:15‐crown‐5) complex from the shift of the polymer NMR signals induced by Tb(III). A similar association constant is obtained from the differences of the molar conductivity of Ce(III) solution at various concentrations in presence and absence of PCR5. When Tb(III) is adsorbed on PCR5 membranes, lifetime experiments in H2O and D2O confirm the loss of 5 or 6 water coordinated molecules indicating that in solid state the lanthanide(III)‐PCR5 interaction is stronger than in solution. The adsorption of Ce(III) in PCR5 membranes shows a Langmuir type isotherm, from which an equilibrium constant of 39 M?1 has been calculated. SEM shows that the membrane morphology is not much affected by lanthanide adsorption. Support for lanthanide ion–crown interactions comes from ab initio calculations on 15‐crown‐5/La(III) complex. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 1788–1799, 2007 相似文献