Extraction of steroid sulphates from plasma by use of quaternary ammonium salts

Conclusions Steroid sulphates are extracted from plasma in good yield by benzene/benzyltributylammonium chloride. Steroid glucuronides are not extracted. This method offers some advantages as compared with the direct solvolysis which is only to be recommended for the determination of steroid sulphates such as dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate which are present in plasma in higher concentrations. The coagulation of plasma proteins with ethanol has the disadvantage that steroid sulphates are adsorbed to the protein precipitated. Furthermore, there is no separation of steroid glucuronides. 17-Hydroxyprogesterone sulphate has not been determined until now in plasma.

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Extraktion von Steroidsulfaten aus dem Plasma mit Hilfe quaternärer Ammoniumsalze

     

Psychological experiments on listener envelopment when both the early-to-late sound level and directional late energy ratios are varied, and consideration of calculated LEV in actual halls

The purposes of this paper are to clarify the relation between listener envelopment (LEV) and two physical factors, namely, early-to-late sound level C₈₀ and directional late energy ratios (DLRs), and to demonstrate the significance of evaluating LEV using C₈₀ and DLRs. Firstly, two psychological experiments are performed. In the first experiment, the results show that the previous findings about the effects of late reflections from lateral, overhead, and behind the listener on LEV are valid when they also consist of plural directional energy components, as are found in real sound fields. In the second experiment, the relational equation among LEV, C₈₀, and DLRs is derived from results when the physical factors are simultaneously varied. Secondly, psychological scores for LEV are calculated in actual halls by applying measured values for C₈₀ and DLRs to the equation. The results show that the differences in LEV among different seating positions and in the spatial uniformity of LEV among different halls are expected to be significantly large depending on the values of C₈₀ and DLRs. This suggests the significance of evaluating LEV by means of C₈₀ and DLRs.     

Principal ideal theorems in the genus field for absolutely abelian extensions

This paper has the following contents. 1°. In an abelian extension field K over the rational number field, any ambiguous ideal is a principal ideal in the genus field in the wide sense. 2°. A number theoretical proof of the following. In a cyclic extension field K over the rational number field, any ambiguous class ideal is a principal ideal in the genus field in the wide sense.     

Electrocatalysis by ad-atoms: Part VIII. Ag,Pb, Te and Tl ad-atoms for ethylene reduction

As already reported, ethylene reduction at a Pt electrode can be enhanced by ad-atoms of Cu and Hg. Another series of ad-atom species is reported, that is, Ag, Pb, Tl and Te, in which the enhancement order depends on the number of Pt sites occupied by an ad-atom. S_M. This effect originates from the difference between S_M and the number of Pt sites occupied by an ethylene molecule, which causes an increase in the number of Pt sites available for hydrogen adsorption. This increase results in the enhancement, in the order Ag>PbTl; Te which has the same S as ethylene has no enhancement effect.For the complete understanding of the function of the mixed surface in the electrocatalysis, a new concept, “catalytic domains”, parts of the mixed surface effective for the electrocatalysis, is introduced, on the assumption that the reaction rate is much higher than the rate of surface migration of the adsorbed species. Then the number of Pt sites which belong to the catalytic domain is calculated. Another concept, “reaction unit mesh”, is also introduced.