Palladium-doped polyimides: An X-ray photoelectron study

Five polyimide films prepared from 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid'dianhydride (BTDA) and diamines, 4,4′-oxydianiline (ODA), 3,3′-diaminobenzophenone (DABP), or 3,3′-diaminodiphenylcarbinol (DADPC) and doped with Li₂PdCl₄ (LTP) or Pd[(CH₃)₂S]₂Cl₂ (PDS) were selected for a detailed x-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) study to determine the oxidation state of palladium and the relative distribution of this and other elements in these films, especially as they relate to electrical resistivity. XPS shows that Pd in the films is present as a mixture of zero and +2 valence states. Films that contain lithium as part of the dopant all show that metal is present as Li⁺ and Li₂O, a fact that may have a bearing on film electrical properties. An Auger electron spectroscopic (AES) or XPS profiling was performed on two of the electrically conductive films. A film doped with PDS reveals a majority of palladium at the surface as Pd(0) and much smaller amounts in film bulk as a mixture of Pd(0) and Pd(II). Film behavior is similar to a metal-vapor deposited film. An LTP doped film, by contrast, exhibits a homogeneous composition with a mixture of Pd(0) and Pd(II). These studies support others that use chemical etching on the film surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been used to provide surface evaluations.     

Synthese und Eigenschaften teilsilylierter Tri- und Tetraphosphane. Reaktionen lithiierter Diphosphane mit Chlorphosphanen

Synthesis and Properties of Partially Silylated Tri- and Tetraphosphanes. Reaction of Lithiated Diphosphanes with Chlorophosphanes The reactions of Li(Me₃Si)P? P(SiMe₃)(CMe₃) 1 , Li(Me₃Si)P? P(CMe₃)₂ 2 , and Li(Me₃C)P? P(SiMe₃)(CMe₃) 3 with the chlorophosphanes P(SiMe₃)(CMe₃)Cl, P(CMe₃)₂Cl, or P(CMe₃)Cl₂ generate the triphosphanes [(Me₃C)(Me₃Si)P]₂P(SiMe₃) 4 , (Me₃C)(Me₃Si)P? P(SiMe₃)? P(CMe₃)₂ 6 , [(Me₃C)₂P]₂P(SiMe₃) 7 , and (Me₃C)(Me₃Si)P? P(SiMe₃)? P(CMe₃)Cl 8 . The triphosphane (Me₃C)₂P? P(SiMe₃)? P(SiMe₃)₂ 5 is not obtainable as easily. The access to 5 starts by reacting PCl₃ with P(SiMe₃)(CMe₃)₂, forming (Me₃C)₂ P? PCl₂, which then with LiP(SiMe₃)₂ gives (Me₃C)₂ P? P(Cl)? P(SiMe₃)₂ 11 . Treating 11 with LiCMe₃ generates (Me₃C)₂P? P(H)? P(SiMe₃)₂ 16 , which can be lithiated by LiBu to give (Me₃C)₂P? P(Li)? P(SiMe₃)₂ 13 and after reacting with Me₃SiCl, finally yields 5 . 8 is stable at ?70°C and undergoes cyclization to P₃(SiMe₃)(CMe₃)₂ in the course of warming to ambient temperature, while Me₃SiCl is split off. 7 , reacting with MeOH, forms [(Me₃C)₂P]₂PH. (Me₃C)₂P? P(Li)? P(SiMe₃)₂ 18 , which can be obtained by the reaction of 5 with LiBu, decomposes forming (Me₃C)₂P? P(Li)(SiMe₃), P(SiMe₃)₃, and LiP(SiMe₃)₂, in contrast to either (Me₃C)₂P? P(Li)? P(SiMe₃)(CMe₃) 19 or [(Me₃C)₂P]₂PLi, which are stable in ether solutions. The Li phosphides 1 , 2 , and 3 with BrH₂C? CH₂Br form the n-tetraphosphanes (Me₃C)(Me₃Si)P? [P(SiMe₃)]₂? P(SiMe₃)(CMe₃) 23 , (Me₃C)₂P? [P(SiMe₃)]₂? P(CMe₃)₂ 24 , and (Me₃C)(Me₃Si)P? [P(CMe₃)]₂? P(SiMe₃)(CMe₃) 25 , respectively. Li(Me₃Si)P? P(SiMe₃)₂, likewise, generates (Me₃Si)₂P? [P(SiMe₃)]₂? P(SiMe₃)₂ 26 . Just as the n-triphosphanes 4 , 5 , 6 , and 7 , the n-tetraphosphanes 23 , 24 , and 25 can be isolated as crystalline compounds. 23 , treated with LiBu, does nor form any stable n-tetraphosphides, whereas 24 yields (Me₃C)₂P? P(Li)? P(SiMe₃)? P(CMe₃)₂, that is stable in ethers. With MeOH, 24 , forms crystals of (Me₃C)₂P? P(H)? P(SiMe₃)? P(CMe₃)₂.     

Reaction of hydroxylamine with 5-aminooxazoles. A new route to isoxazoles

The nucleophilic attack of hydroxylamine at the 5 position of 2-aryl-4-trifluoroacetyl-5-amino-oxazoles leads to a mixture of stereoisomeric isoxazolines. Dehydration of these isomeric isoxazolines in the presence of trifluoroacetic anhydride gives 3-amino-4-acylamino-5-trifluoromethylisoxazoles. The structures and spectroscopic data of these compounds are discussed.     

Bildung siliciumorganischer Verbindungen. 89. Selektive Photobromierung von Si-methylierten Carbosilanen

Formation of Organosilicon Compounds. 89. Selective Photobromination of Si-methylated Carbosilanes A selective photobromination of the C atoms in the skeleton of Si-methylated carbosilanes is reported. (me₃Si? CH₂)₂Sime₂ reacts to me₃Si? CBr₂? Sime₂? CH₂? Sime₃ in good yields (me = CH₃); the second CH₂ group is considerably slower brominated. Photobromination of (me₂Si? CH₂)₃ consecutively yields a and b . Also from (me₂Si? CH₂)₄ the derivative with one CBr₂ group is accessible. Bromination of tertiary CH groups is highly preferred; this is shown by the selective formation of c . The C-bromination of SiBr-substituted carbosilanes is significantly more difficult; nevertheless (Brme₂Si)₂CH₂ selectively forms (Brme₂Si)₂CBr₂. Brme₂Si? CH₂? Sime₂? CH₂? Sime₃ forms Brme₂Si? CH₂? Sime₂? CBr₂? Sime₃, i. e., only the CH₂ group non-adjacent to SiBr is attacked. The formation of CHBr groups could not be detected. Higher temperatures and longer reaction times increase the formation of polymers.     

Syntheses of Diamino-dideoxylyxose Derivatives using Acylnitroso Dienophiles

N-Acylnitroso derivatives 6 which were prepared by in-situ oxidation of the corresponding hydroxamic acids 5 reacted instantaneously and in high yields with dihydropyridine 4 . The Diels-Alder adducts 8 were formed regiospecifically with the acylnitroso dienophiles 6a–c , whereas the dienophiles 6d–f gave mixtures of both regioisomers 7 and 8 . These and some other results [2] were best explained by the FMO theory. The Diels-Alder adducts 7 and 8 gave the corresponding ‘anti’-cis-glycols when reacted with OsO₄/N-methylmorpholine N-oxide. Hydrogenolysis of the N–O bond followed by peracetylation led to the expected aminolyxose derivatives 14 and 16 . A similar sequence, using 4 and the hydroxamic-acid derivative 18 of (+)-D-mandelic acid led, with a poor asymmetric induction, to a mixture of the expected optically active aminolyxose compounds 19A / 19B .     

Preliminary test for nitrogen- and oxygen-containing groups in organic compounds

Summary Organic Compounds carrying groups containing both nitrogen and oxygen, such as nitro- and nitroso compounds, oximes, hydroxamic acids, azoxy compounds, and amine oxides yield nitrous acid when they are heated dry (pyrolysis). This product can be readily detected in the gas phase by theGriess nitrite reaction. This behavior provides a rapid preliminary test for members of these classes of compounds. Micro analytical limits of identification are readily obtained within the technique of spot test analysis.

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Zusammenfassung Organische Verbindungen mit Stickstoff- und sauerstoffhaltigen Atomgruppen, demnach Nitro- und Nitrosoverbindungen, Oxime, Hydroxamsäuren, Azoxy verbindungen und Aminoxyde spalten bei trockenem Erhitzen (Pyrolyse) salpetrige Säure ab, die in der Gasphase durch dieGriesssche Nitritreaktion empfindlich nachweisbar ist. Dieses Verhalten ermöglicht eine schnelle Vorprüfung auf Angehörige der genannten Verbindungsklassen. In der Technik der Tüpfelanalyse werden mikroanalytische Erfassungsgrenzen erreicht.

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Résumé Les combinaisons organiques porteuses d'un groupement azoté et oxygéné telles que les combinaisons nitrées et nitrosées, les oximes, les acides hydroxamiques, les composés azoxy et les oxydes d'aminés, libèrent de l'acide nitreux par chauffage à sec (pyrolyse); cet acide peut être identifié en phase gazeuse par la sensible réaction deGriess des nitrites. Ce comportement permet d'effectuer un essai préliminaire rapide sur les composés appartenant aux classes précédentes. Lorsqu'on met en oeuvre la technique de l'analyse à la touche, les limites de sensibilité atteintes permettent de travailler dans le domaine microanalytique.

     

Bildung siliciumorganischer Verbindungen. LI. Reaktionen verschieden chlorierter 1,3,5-Trisila-cyclohexane mit CHMgCl und ihre 29SiNMR-Spektren

Formation of Organosilicon Compounds. LI. Reactions of Various Chlorinated 1.3.5-Trisilacyclohexanes with CH₃MgCl and their ²⁹SiNMR Spectra The reaction of (a) with meMgCl starts with the formation of a Grignard compound of (a) and forms (c) via (b). The reaction sequence will be described. The ring contraction of the six-membered ringsystem is also observed with compound (d) leading to (e), whereas (f) reacts to (g), the ringsystem being maintained. No ring-contraction is observed when investigating the reactions of the derivatives containing Si? H- and C? Cl-groups. Compound (i) gives rise to (j), (k) to (l) whereas cleavage occurs with (m) and (n) does not react under the conditions applied. According to the PMR and ²⁹SiNMR spectra, the polarity of the Si? Cl-bond decreases in the compounds containing Si? Cl and CCl-groups by increasing the number of CCl₂ groups. In the compounds containing Si? H and C? Cl-groups the polarity of the Si? H-bond increases with the degree of chlorination at the C-atom. By that, the different chemical behaviour can be understood. The preparations of the starting compounds are described.     

Non-linear calibration functions in ion chromatography with suppressed conductivity detection using hydroxide eluents

The linearity of calibration curves in ion chromatography with suppressed conductivity detection using hydroxide eluents was investigated. Theoretical calibration curves were derived for strong electrolytes and weak monobasic acids and the results compared with experimental data. At low concentrations up to 1 micromol l(-1) the autoprotolysis of water induces left-curved calibration functions even for strong electrolytes like nitrate. The experimental data are best described by a quadratic function, the differences between linear and quadratic regression being up to 10%. At higher concentrations the calibration curves for strong electrolytes are linear. Due to incomplete dissociation, the calibration curves for weak mono- and dibasic acids show a right curvature. Thus, depending on the analyte and the concentration range of interest, analysts should carefully choose between a linear and a quadratic regression function.     

Crystal violet combined with Merocyanine 540 for the ex vivo purging of hematopoietic stem cell grafts

The purpose of this study was to determine in a preclinical purging model, how effective crystal violet-mediated photodynamic therapy (CV-PDT) is against solid tumor and drug-resistant mutant tumor cells, and if certain limitations of CV-PDT can be overcome by using crystal violet (CV) in combination with the membrane-active photosensitizer, Merocyanine 540 (MC540). When used under conditions that preserved an adequate fraction of normal human granulocyte/macrophage progenitors (CFU-GM), CV-PDT failed to achieve meaningful reductions of DU145 prostate, H69 small cell lung cancer, and MDA-MB-435S breast cancer cells. Melphalan-resistant L1210/L-PAM1, adriamycin-resistant P388/ADR, and adriamycin-resistant HL-60/ADR leukemia cells were markedly less sensitive to CV-PDT than their wild-type counterparts, whereas cisplatin-resistant H69/CDDP cells were more sensitive than wild-type H69 cells. Sequential exposure to MC540- and CV-PDT under conditions that preserved an adequate fraction (73% and 29%, respectively) of normal CD34-positive hematopoietic stem cells and granulocyte/macrophage progenitors was highly effective against H69 (99.997% reduction) and H69/CDDP (99.999% reduction) cells, but ineffective against HL-60/ADR, MDA-MB-435S, and DU145 cells. CV thus shows only limited promise as a single-modality purging agent. However, in certain situations, clinically meaningful tumor cell depletions can be obtained by using CV in combination with a second photosensitizer such as MC540.