Fast determination of oleic acid in pork by flow injection analysis/mass spectrometry

In some Mediterranean products such as olive oil or ham, oleic acid is the most abundant component of the total fat. Due to the large volume of trade in these products, it may be necessary to analyze oleic fatty acids in high numbers of samples in short periods of time. However, using classic lipid analysis techniques, it is not always possible to cope with these high demands. To solve this problem, a high-throughput analytical method for oleic fatty acid quantification in pork is presented. The purpose of the method is to avoid liquid chromatography processes using a flow injection analysis (FIA) system based on electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The use of pentadecanoic fatty acid as an internal standard overcame matrix effects. The oleic FIA technique could be used as a suitable method for discriminating carcass samples for selection and labeling by oleic acid content when large numbers of pork samples must be processed in a short period of time.     

The crystal structure of biatractylolide,an 8,8' (C-C) linked dimeric 12,8-eudesmanolide from the resin of Trattinickia rhoifolia WILLD

A symmetrical dimeric sesquiterpenoid, biatractylolide (1), was isolated from the resin of Trattinickia rhoifolia WILLD. The structure of compound 1 was elucidated by one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques and electron impact-mass spectra (EI-MS) data, and confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis.     

Westphal reaction in solid-phase

[reaction: see text]. A library of cycloimonium salts has been prepared through Westphal reaction in solid-phase. By reaction of solid-support-bound azolium or azinium acetates 2, 1,2-diketones 4, and base, cycloimonium salts 5 were synthesized in good to high yield and purities.     

2‐Hydroxybenzophenone as a Chemical Auxiliary for the Activation of Ketiminoesters for Highly Enantioselective Addition to Nitroalkenes under Bifunctional Catalysis

An organocatalytic system is presented for the Michael addition of monoactivated glycine ketimine ylides with a bifunctional catalyst. The ketimine bears an ortho hydroxy group, which increases the acidity of the methylene hydrogen atoms and enhances the reactivity, thus allowing the synthesis of a large variety of α,γ‐diamino acid derivatives with excellent stereoselectivity.     

Electrochemical oxidation of phenol at boron-doped diamond electrode. Application to electro-organic synthesis and wastewater treatment

The electrochemical behaviour of a synthetic boron-doped diamond thin film electrode (BDD) has been studied in acid media containing phenol using cyclic voltammetry and bulk electrolysis. The results have shown that in the potential region of water stability direct electron transfers can occur on BDD surface resulting in electrode fouling due to the formation of a polymeric film on its surface. During electrolysis in the potential region of oxygen evolution, complex oxidation reactions can take place due to electrogenerated hydroxyl radicals. Electrode fouling is inhibited under these conditions. Depending on the experimental conditions, the electrogenerated hydroxyl radicals can lead to the combustion of phenol or to the selective oxidation of phenol to benzoquinone. The experimental results have also been compared to a theoretical model that permits the prediction of the evolution with time of phenol concentration, during its combustion, or during its selective oxidation to benzoquinone.     

Lipopeptide surfactant production by Bacillus subtilis grown on low-cost raw materials

The production of biosurfactant by Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 was investigated using commercial sugar, sugarcane juice and cane molasses, sugarcane juice alcohol stillage, glycerol, mannitol, and soybean oil. Commercial sugar generated the minimum values of surface tension, with the best results (28.7 mN/m, (relative critical micelle concentration [CMC⁻¹] of 78.6) being achieved with 10 g of substrate/L in 48 h. At a pH between 7.0 and 8.0, a higher production of surface-active compounds and a greater emulsifier activity was also observed. Enrichment of the culture medium with trace minerals and EDTA showed maximum yields, whereas supplementation with yeast extract stimulated only cell growth. The kinetic studies revealed that biosurfactant production is a cell growth-associated process; surface tension, CMC, and emulsification index values of 29.6 dyn/cm, 82.3, and 57%, respectively, were achieved, thus indicating that it is feasible to produce biosurfactants from a renewable and low-cost carbon source.     

Sonoelectrochemical effects in electro-organic systems

This paper describes recent studies in organic sonoelectrochemistry at Coventry University, including the oxidation of thiophene monoxides, degradation of dye pollutants, formation of conducting polymers and electrosynthetic modification of proteins.