Correlations and efficiency: Testing the Bell inequalities

This paper examines the efficiency problem involved in experimental tests of so-called local hidden variables. It separates the phenomenological locality at issue in the Bell case from Einstein's different conception of locality, and shows how phenomenological locality also differs from the factorizability needed to derive the Bell inequalities in the stochastic case. It then pursues the question of whether factorizable, local models (or, equivalently, deterministic ones) exist for the experiments designed to test the Bell inequalities, thus rendering the experimental argument against them incomplete. This leads to an investigation of the so-called prism models and to new inequalities for a significant class of such models, inequalities that are testable even at the low efficiencies of the photon correlation experiments.Dedicated to David Bohm on the occasion of his 70th birthday, December 20, 1987.     

对氟苯乙烯-二乙烯基苯强酸性阳离子交换树脂的合成及其热稳定性研究

以对氟苯乙烯，二乙烯苯为原料合成了强酸性阳离子交换树脂，考察了磺化反应的工艺条件及卤原子，树脂类型对树脂耐热稳定性能的影响。研究表明，对氟苯乙烯－二乙烯基苯共聚体需用发烟硫酸在110℃才可磺化，大孔磺化对氟苯乙烯－二乙烯基苯树脂在190℃水中20h的磺酸基降解率为24．7％，而普通磺酸树脂的磺酸基降解率为53．3％。     

钴离子改性的Y型分子筛对低浓度NO吸附性能的研究

利用固定吸附床研究了不同金属离子改性的Y分子筛时一氧化氮的吸附性能．在所用的样品中，钴离子改性的Y分子筛显示出了最良好的吸附性能．钴离子改性的Y分子筛对一氧化氮吸附的穿透时间随着钴含量、浸渍液的pH值和粘合剂三氧化铝用量的变化而变化．另外．穿透时间还随吸附温度的升高而缩短．     

F（2P）与CH2Br2反应的化学发光光谱及其动力学

氟原子与卤代甲烷反应的化学发光研究有助于发现新的化学激光介质。氟原子与含氢卤代甲烷的反应存在F夺H的初级反应.Braynis等研究了高气压(60 Pa)下F与CH_nI_(4-n)(n=0,1,2,3)的反应,也研究了F与CH_3Br反应的化学发光,观察到了HF~?(X),CHF~*(A),CH~*(A)以BrF~*(B)的发射谱,对这些产物形成机制进行了解析并推断有中间络合物的生成.本文首次研究了F与CH_2Br_2的化学发光,在可见光范围(400～900nm)内观察了单次及多次碰撞条件下的光谱,证明在单次碰撞条件下(气压小于10~(-2)Pa)存在氟夺氢而生成HF~≠(X,V≤3)通道.而在多次碰撞条件下(气压大于0.1Pa)则观察到Br~*_2(B)和BrF~*(B)的发射谱,没有观察到CH~*及CHF~*.结合以前的激光诱导荧光实验结果,通过化学热力学分析,借助中间络合物形成机制,我们解释了实验观察到的所有现象。     

Reduction of Sulphur-containing Aromatic Nitro Compounds with Hydrazine Hydrate over Iron(III) Oxide-MgO Catalyst

Sulphur-containing aromatic amines were prepared efficiently in good to excellent yields by reduction of the corresponding sulphur-containing aromatic nitro compounds with hydrazine hydrate in the presence of iron(III) oxide-MgO catalyst. The catalyst exhibited high activity and stability for the reduction of sulphur-containing aromatic nitro compounds. The yields of sulphur-containing aromatic amines were up to 91-99 % at 355 K after reduction for 1-4 h over this catalyst.     

Quantitation of estrogens in ground water and swine lagoon samples using solid-phase extraction, pentafluorobenzyl/trimethylsilyl derivatizations and gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry

A method was developed for the confirmed identification and quantitation of 17beta-estradiol, estrone, 17alpha-ethynylestradiol and 16alpha-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol (estriol) in ground water and swine lagoon samples. Centrifuged and filtered samples were extracted using solid-phase extraction (SPE), and extracts were derivatized using pentafluorobenzy] bromide (PFBBR) and N-trimethylsilylimidazole (TMSI). Analysis was done using negative ion chemical ionization (NICI) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS). Deuterated analogs of each of the estrogens were used as isotope dilution standards (IDS) and were added to the samples before extraction. A limit of quantitation of 1 ng/l in ground water was obtained using 500 ml of ground water sample, 1.0 ml of extract volume and the lowest calibration standard of 0.5 pg/microl. For a 25 ml swine lagoon sample, the limit of quantitation was 40 ng/l. The average recovery of the four estrogens spiked into 500 ml of distilled water and ground water samples (n = 16) at 2 ng/l was 103% (S.D. 14%). For 25 ml of swine lagoon samples spiked at 500, 1000 and 10,000 ng/l, the average recovery for the four estrogens was 103% (S.D. 15%). The method detection limits (MDLs) of the four estrogens spiked at 2 ng/l in a 500 ml of ground water sample ranged from 0.2 to 0.6 ng/l. In swine lagoon samples from three different types of swine operations, estrone was found at levels up to 25,000 ng/l, followed by estriol and estradiol up to levels at 10,000 and 3000 ng/l, respectively. It was found that pretreatment of swine lagoon samples with formaldehyde was necessary to prevent conversion of estradiol to estrone.     

Trace determination of amines and other nitrogen containing compounds with a modiefied thermal energy analyzer (TEATM)

Summary A modification to the TEA^TM Analyzer is described, which allows it to be used as a highly selective GC detector for nitrogen compounds as well as for N-nitrosamines and nitro compounds. The modified Analyzer is as sensitive as the AFID, but has a much higher selectivity towards nitrogen compounds than the AFID. Its response appears to be molar, with an output that is dependent only on the number of nitrogen atoms present. The performance of the modified Analyzer for the analysis of ammonia, amines,N-nitrosamines, nitriles and organonitro compounds is reported and discussed, as is its application to the detection of these compounds in bacon and beer samples.Presented at the 14th International Symposium on Chromatography London, September, 1982     

A Convenient Synthesis and Properties of Ru（bpy）2[bpy（CO2H）-（CO2Et）]（PF6）2 Photosensitive Dye

A novel Ru(Ⅱ) tris-bipyridyl complex, Ru(bpy)2[bpy(CO2H)(CO2Et)][PF6]2 is prepared in a simple and convenient process. It will be an alternative of Ru(bpy)2bpy(CO2Et)2(PF6)2 to be used in solar cells as photosensitive dyes.     

Hydrogenation of SBS Catalyzed by Immobilized Ru-TPPTS Complex in Polyether Molten Salt

Catalytic hydrogenation of SBS was performed for the first time in polyether molten salt with Ru/TPPTS complex as catalyst. Experimental results showed that the hydrogenation degree can be enhanced significantly by the addition of triphenylphosphine (TPP). When the molar ratio of TPP, TPPTS and Ru is 2:5:1, 89% hydrogenation degree can be achieved after 12 h under reaction conditions of 5.0 MPa and 150~C. The ionic liquid containing catalyst can be reused three times without obvious changes in the catalytic selectivity and activity.