Algorithmic Information Distortions in Node-Aligned and Node-Unaligned Multidimensional Networks

In this article, we investigate limitations of importing methods based on algorithmic information theory from monoplex networks into multidimensional networks (such as multilayer networks) that have a large number of extra dimensions (i.e., aspects). In the worst-case scenario, it has been previously shown that node-aligned multidimensional networks with non-uniform multidimensional spaces can display exponentially larger algorithmic information (or lossless compressibility) distortions with respect to their isomorphic monoplex networks, so that these distortions grow at least linearly with the number of extra dimensions. In the present article, we demonstrate that node-unaligned multidimensional networks, either with uniform or non-uniform multidimensional spaces, can also display exponentially larger algorithmic information distortions with respect to their isomorphic monoplex networks. However, unlike the node-aligned non-uniform case studied in previous work, these distortions in the node-unaligned case grow at least exponentially with the number of extra dimensions. On the other hand, for node-aligned multidimensional networks with uniform multidimensional spaces, we demonstrate that any distortion can only grow up to a logarithmic order of the number of extra dimensions. Thus, these results establish that isomorphisms between finite multidimensional networks and finite monoplex networks do not preserve algorithmic information in general and highlight that the algorithmic information of the multidimensional space itself needs to be taken into account in multidimensional network complexity analysis.     

The effect of static pressure on the inertial cavitation threshold

The amplitude of the acoustic pressure required to nucleate a gas or vapor bubble in a fluid, and to have that bubble undergo an inertial collapse, is termed the inertial cavitation threshold. The magnitude of the inertial cavitation threshold is typically limited by mechanisms other than homogeneous nucleation such that the theoretical maximum is never achieved. However, the onset of inertial cavitation can be suppressed by increasing the static pressure of the fluid. The inertial cavitation threshold was measured in ultrapure water at static pressures up to 30?MPa (300 bars) by exciting a radially symmetric standing wave field in a spherical resonator driven at a resonant frequency of 25.5 kHz. The threshold was found to increase linearly with the static pressure; an exponentially decaying temperature dependence was also found. The nature and properties of the nucleating mechanisms were investigated by comparing the measured thresholds to an independent analysis of the particulate content and available models for nucleation.     

Dual Convergence for Penalty Algorithms in Convex Programming

Algorithms for convex programming, based on penalty methods, can be designed to have good primal convergence properties even without uniqueness of optimal solutions. Taking primal convergence for granted, in this paper we investigate the asymptotic behavior of an appropriate dual sequence obtained directly from primal iterates. First, under mild hypotheses, which include the standard Slater condition but neither strict complementarity nor second-order conditions, we show that this dual sequence is bounded and also, each cluster point belongs to the set of Karush–Kuhn–Tucker multipliers. Then we identify a general condition on the behavior of the generated primal objective values that ensures the full convergence of the dual sequence to a specific multiplier. This dual limit depends only on the particular penalty scheme used by the algorithm. Finally, we apply this approach to prove the first general dual convergence result of this kind for penalty-proximal algorithms in a nonlinear setting.     

The variation of the electromagnetic coupling and quintessence

The properties of quintessence are examined through the study of the variation of the electromagnetic coupling. We consider two simple quintessence models with a modified exponential potential and study the parameter space constraints derived from the existing observational bounds on the variation of the fine structure constant and the most recent Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe observations.     

Banana as Adjunct in Beer Production: Applicability and Performance of Fermentative Parameters

Traditionally, the raw materials for beer production are barley, hops, water, and yeast, but most brewers use also different adjuncts. During the alcoholic fermentation, the contribution of aroma compounds from other ingredients to the final beer flavor depends on the wort composition, on the yeast strain, and mainly on the process conditions. In this context, banana can also be a raw material favorable to alcoholic fermentation being rich in carbohydrates and minerals and providing low acidity. In this work, the objective was to evaluate the performance of wort adjusted with banana juice in different concentrations. For this, static fermentations were conducted at 15 °C at pilot scale (140 L of medium). The addition of banana that changed the concentration of all-malt wort from 10 °P to 12 and 15 °P were evaluated (°P is the weight of the extract or the sugar equivalent in 100 g solution, at 20 °C). The results showed an increase in ethanol production, with approximately 0.4 g/g ethanol yield and 0.6 g/L h volumetric productivity after 84 h of processing when concentrated wort was used. Thus, it was concluded that banana can be used as an adjunct in brewing methods, helping in the development of new products as well as in obtaining concentrated worts.     

Total Soluble Solids from Banana: Evaluation and Optimization of Extraction Parameters

Banana, an important component in the diet of the global population, is one of the most consumed fruits in the world. This fruit is also very favorable to industry processes (e.g., fermented beverages) due to its rich content on soluble solids and minerals, with low acidity. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of factors such as banana weight and extraction time during a hot aqueous extraction process on the total soluble solids content of banana. The extract is to be used by the food and beverage industries. The experiments were performed with 105 mL of water, considering the moisture of the ripe banana (65%). Total sugar concentrations were obtained in a beer analyzer and the result expressed in degrees Plato (°P, which is the weight of the extract or the sugar equivalent in 100 g solution at 20 °C), aiming at facilitating the use of these results by the beverage industries. After previous studies of characterization of the fruit and of ripening performance, a 2² full-factorial star design was carried out, and a model was developed to describe the behavior of the dependent variable (total soluble solids) as a function of the factors (banana weight and extraction time), indicating as optimum conditions for extraction 38.5 g of banana at 39.7 min.     

Effect of Temperature on the Solubility of Short-Chain Carboxylic Acids in Water

The aqueous solubilities of pentanoic and hexanoic acids were measured between 298.15 and 333.15 K at intervals of 5.00 K. Nonlinear dependences were found for the variation of solubility with temperature. The temperature dependences of the solubility of the acids in water are described by nonlinear van’t Hoff plots. Experimental data were fitted by the method of least-squares to a second-order polynomial equation, which was then used to determine the differential solution enthalpies at selected temperatures. The values for the apparent Gibbs energy and the apparent entropy of solution are calculated.     

Coupled-channel calculation of nonelastic cross sections using a density-functional structure model

A microscopic calculation of reaction cross sections for nucleon-nucleus scattering was performed by coupling the elastic channel to all particle-hole excitations in the target and one-nucleon pickup channels. The particle-hole states may be regarded as doorway states through which the flux flows to more complicated configurations, and subsequently to long-lived compound nucleus resonances. Target excitations for (40,48)Ca, 58Ni, 90Zr, and 144Sm were described in a random-phase framework using a Skyrme functional. Reaction cross sections obtained agreed very well with experimental data and predictions of a fitted optical potential. Couplings between inelastic states were found to be negligible, while the pickup channels contribute significantly. For the first time observed absorptions are completely accounted for by explicit channel coupling, for incident energies between 10 and 40 MeV.     

Effect of melt-processing and ultrasonic treatment on physical properties of high-amylose maize starch

High-amylose maize starch (Hylon VII) was submitted to melt-processing in an internal mixer at 100 °C and 40 rpm for 8 min. Glycerol was used as a plasticiser at different polymer/glycerol ratios. Torque and temperature curves were obtained. After glycerol extraction with ethyl alcohol, the samples were dispersed at 5 g/L, and treated by ultrasound radiation at the same conditions for 30 min. Samples were characterised by ¹H NMR spectrometry, viscosity measurements, and X-ray diffractometry. The results revealed that both glycerol and water had an important role on the crystallinity properties of the resulting products. Melt-processed and sonicated samples showed similar ¹H NMR spectra. Ultrasound treatment caused a significant reduction in intrinsic viscosity for the sample previously processed with the highest glycerol content, probably because of its higher solubility in water.