Free energies of electron ejection of aromatic hydrocarbon negative ions in ethers at room temperature

The free energies of electron ejection of some aromatic hydrocarbon mono- and di-negative ions in DME and 2-MTHF at room temperature are estimated from existing experimental data. The formation of free solvated electrons requires about the same amount of free energy whether the negative ion is present as a loosely bound or a tightly bound associate with the sodium counter ion. When the ejected electrons are trapped by a solvent cavity in the vicinity of the sodium ion the reaction requires appreciably less energy for the tightly bound than for the loosely bound associates. The data are essential for the study of the photo-ionization of aromatic hydrocarbon negative ions in ethers.     

Copolymerization characteristics of S-vinyl-O-tert-butylthiocarbonate

Poly-S-vinyl-O-tert-butylthiocarbonate is an excellent precursor to poly(vinyl mercaptan) because the tert-butyloxycarbonyl blocking group can be removed by either acid hydrolysis or thermolysis under conditions which minimize the oxidation of the liberated mercaptan to disulfide. Dilatometric studies of the homopolymerization of S-vinyl-O-tert-butylthiocarbonate demonstrated that the polymerization rate was directly proportional to the concentration of free-radical initiator; no thermal initiation was observed. The molecular weight of the homopolymers and copolymers ranged from 30,000 to 50,000 (GPC). Copolymerization of S-vinyl-O-tert-butylthiocarbonate (M₂) with styrene, (r₁ = 3.0, r₂ = 0.2), methyl methacrylate (r₁ = 1.40, r₂ = 0.17) and vinyl acetate (r₁ = 0.04, r₂ = 11.0) indicated that a sulfur atom adjacent to the vinyl group increases the resonance stability (Q₂ = 0.5) and the electron density (e₂ = ?1.4) of the double bond and the corresponding radical. Water-soluble copolymers could be prépared by incorporating either N-vinylpyrrolidone (r₁ = 0.12, r₂ = 3.94) or N-isopropylacrylamide (r₁ = 1.17, r₂ = 0.3) with M₂. The water solubility of the copolymers decreased markedly when the tert-butyloxycarbonyl group was removed. Copolymers of M₂ with N-vinyl-O-tert-butylcarbamate (r₁ = 0.13, r₂ = 5.10) were utilized to prepare crosslinked poly(vinyl amine–vinyl mercaptan); the crosslinking resulted from urea linkages formed during thermolysis of the copolymer.     

Activation a l'aide de polyamines tertiaires de la polymerisation anionique du styrene amorcee par les composes organolithiens

A study of the influence of tertiary polyamines on the reactivity of polystyryllithium ion-pairs in hydrocarbon solvents has been performed. The stability of active centres has been studied and allows the processing of kinetic data as for living systems. Rate constants of propagation have been measured in terms of the structure of the polyamine, its relative concentration, the concentration in organometallic species, the temperature and the nature of solvent; in all cases, they are absolute rate constants. The values show the important effect of the number of nitrogen atoms in the additive and especially the strong influence of its geometry: the cyclic polyamine studied leads to an activation of the reaction much greater than that of the corresponding linear substance. These results may be interpreted in terms of different solvation states for the polystyryllithium ion-pairs.     

Some investigations on the photostabilization of polypropylene

The effect of substituted hydroxybenzophenone, benzotriazole and organic metal complexes on the photooxidation of PP films has been studied. It has been established that NiDBTC added in 1.0 wt. % is the most effective photostabilizer.While in the case of other stabilizers there is a slight increase in the Co content even during the induction period, with the application of NiDBTC practically no oxidation can be observed before the stabilizer completely disappears. This means that NiDBTC inhibits the photooxidation of the polymer even in low concentration.

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, - . , Ni, 1,0 . %. . , Ni , . , Ni .

     

Study of air pollution particulates by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Summary This paper discusses the application of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to the determination of the chemical composition of sulfur and nitrogen species in air pollution particulates. Core electron chemical shift measurements are augmented by the determination of relative concentrations and volatility of particulate species.

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Untersuchung von Verunreinigungsteilchen in der Luft durch Röntgenphotoelektronen-Spektroskopie

Zusammenfassung Die Anwendung der Röntgenphotoelektronen-Spektroskopie auf die Bestimmung der chemischen Zusammensetzung von Schwefel und Stickstoff enthaltenden Verunreinigungsteilchen in Luft wird diskutiert. Messungen der chemischen Verschiebung werden ergänzt durch die Bestimmung der relativen Konzentrationen und der Flüchtigkeit der Verbindungen.

Presented at the 6th Annual Symposium on Recent Advances in the Analytical Chemistry of Pollutants, April 21–23, 1976; Vienna, Austria.     

2-Nitrodiphenylamine as a versatile high-potential reversible oxidation-reduction indicator

The use of 2-nitrodiphenylamine as a reversible indicator has been investigated in the titration of iron(II) with cerium(IV) sulphate, potassium dichromate and sodium vanadate in sulphuric acid media. Accurate results can be obtained with cerium(IV) sulphate in 0.5–5.0 M acid, with potassium dichromate in 5.0–7.0 M acid, and with sodium vanadate in 5.0–7.5 M acid. With cerium(IV) sulphate the titrations are preferably conducted in 2.0 M sulphuric acid or in a 1.0 M. sulphuric acid-1.0 M pechloric acid medium. Tungstic acid, acetic acid, arsenic(III) and manganese(II) do not interfere. In titrations of iron(II) with dichromate and vanadate, the colour changes at the end-point are much more vivid with 2-nitrodiphenylamine than with ferroin.     

Thermal analysis and synthesis of pentazinc hexahydroxide dicarbonate: Investigations by thermogravimetry,thermo molecular beam analysis and x-ray measurements

A combination of thermobalance and X-ray camera is described which allows simultaneous thermogravimetric (TG) and X-ray measurements under high vacuum. During these measurements the sample is positioned in the sample holder of the camera in the usual fashion and is X-raved while the temperature is varied. The molecular beam of the gaseous decomposition products flows through a connecting tube which acts as a molecular beam former between camera and thermobalance. The molecular beam is directed towards the empty balance pan. The orifice through which the beam exits as well as the pan have special shapes that allow transfer of the angular momentum of the decomposition beam to the balance. The exerted force is a function of time and corresponds to the first derivative of the TG curve. i.e. to the DTG curve. The integrated curve is directly proportional to the change in mass of the probe. A quantitative evaluation is possible if the molecular composition of the beam is known. The calibration of the molecular beam and the evaluation of the measurements will be discussed. The results show that simultaneous detection of X-ray scattering and indirect TG curves allows a better interpretation of decomposition reactions.An additional investigation shows that thermal synthesis of chemical com- pounds can also be studied by thermogravimetry. Based on the same compound as described in the analysis. the pyrosynthesis is demonstrated. The special instrumentation and the test conditions are discussed.     

Dipole moments of some diphenyl thioethers: Absolute conformation of bis(o-nitrophenyl) sulphide

The electric dipole moments of three diphenyl thioethers have been measured in benzene solution at 25· and the conformational analysis of bis(o-nitrophenyl) sulphide has been carried out by vector addition. The results show that this compound exists in a twisted conformation with the phenyl rings considerably rotated from coplanarity with respect to the C-S-C plane and indicate that in o,o′-disubstituted derivatives of diphenyl sulphide steric rather than conjugative effects operate in determining the conformational preference.