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中国玉文化源远流长,治玉工艺经过各个时代的不断发展和完善,在一定程度上能反映古代社会生产力发展水平及文化、贸易、技术交流等信息。利用能量色散型X射线荧光光谱(EDXRF)、激光拉曼光谱(LRS)、超景深光学显微系统(OM)等分析技术,结合硅胶覆膜微痕复制技术,对河南省新郑西亚斯东周墓地出土的一批玉器进行科技分析。首先利用化学成分和物相结构分析技术确定了玉器材质的矿物属性,其次利用显微分析技术表征了玉器表面及穿孔内部和印模的加工痕迹,特别是阴刻纹饰和穿孔微痕特征,最后探讨了玉器样品的材料属性和加工工艺两者之间的联系。化学成分和物相结构分析结果表明,所分析的西亚斯东周玉器材质丰富,主要矿物组成有滑石、透闪石、水晶、云母等。玉器表面纹饰微痕特征分析表明,所分析玉器阴刻工艺采用了两种加工工具,分别是砣具和手持硬质工具。穿孔微痕分析特征表明,钻孔包括单面钻孔和双面/多面钻孔两种方式,钻孔工艺则有实心钻、管钻等。部分玉器钻孔形状和内部微痕特征表明,尽管均采用了实心钻工艺,但所采用的实心钻头在形状上存在差异,同时,也存在是否配合解玉砂进行钻孔的差异。不同材料属性的玉器采用了不同的加工工艺。滑石质玉器,莫氏硬度1,器型主要为玉片饰,其表面阴刻纹饰主要采用手持硬质工具进行刻画,钻孔主要采用了双面钻孔方式,并使用了实心钻头未添加解玉砂进行加工,钻头形状可能为圆锥状;云母质玉器,莫氏硬度2~3,器型主要为玉玦片饰,纹饰采用了砣具添加解玉砂的加工工艺,钻孔方式为单面钻孔,采用了管钻工艺。透闪石型玉器,莫氏硬度5~6,器型主要为玉片饰,表面纹饰采用砣具配合解玉砂砣刻,以双面钻孔的方式为主,钻孔工艺为实心钻头配合解玉砂工艺,钻头形状与滑石类样品一致,为圆锥状。水晶质玉器,莫氏硬度7,均为珠饰,表面无纹饰,钻孔方式为双面/多面钻孔,钻孔工艺为实心钻配合解玉砂工艺,且钻头可能为圆柱形。研究结果表明,玉器表面纹饰所采用的阴刻工艺和钻孔工艺,与玉器本身的材料属性、器型等存在密切关系。 相似文献
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Fluorescence imaging in the second near-infrared region(900-1700 nm, NIR-II) with a high resolution and penetration depth due to the significantly reduced tissue scattering and autofluorescence has emerged as a useful tool in biomedical fields. Recently, many efforts have been devoted to the development of fluorophores with an emission band covering the long-wavelength end of NIR-II region(1500-1700 nm) to eliminate the autofluorescence. Alternatively, we believe imaging with a narrow bandwidth could also reduce the autofluorescence. As a proof of concept, NaYF4:Yb,Nd@NaYF4 downconversion nanoparticles(DCNPs) with sharp NIR-II emission were synthesized. The luminescence of DCNPs showed a half-peak width of 49 nm centered at 998 nm, which was perfectly matched with a (1000±25) nm bandpass filter. With this filter, we were able to retain most of the emissions from the nanoparticles, while the autofluorescence was largely reduced. After PEGylation, the DCNPs exhibited great performance for blood vessel and tumor imaging in living mice with significantly reduced autofluorescence and interference signals. This work provided an alternative way for the low-autofluorescence imaging and emphasized the importance of narrow emitting rare-earth doped nanoparticles for NIR-II imaging. 相似文献
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Based on the principle of acoustic levitation,a single-axis ultrasonic levitation system(SAULS) with convex sides was designed.A normal SAULS only provides a levitation force(LF) against the gravity of the sample.While,such systems also provide an annular clamping force(ACF) surrounding the levitated samples,and improve levitation stability of samples in the standing wave field.Using the finite-difference time-domain method,we investigated the force distributions in different resonance cavities and the factors that influence the magnitude of the levitation force in optimizing the SAULS and the ACF.The theoretical analyses and experimental results indicate that the stability of levitation in this special SAULS is improved with the ACF from its designed convex-side feature.It can be developed into a simple device in levitating and moving samples steadily in related experiments and applications. 相似文献
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In this paper, the three-dimensional (3D) interfacial fracture is analyzed in a one-dimensional (1D) hexagonal quasicrystal (QC) coating structure under mechanical loading. A planar interface crack with arbitrary shape is studied by a displacement discontinuity method. Fundamental solutions of interfacial concentrated displacement discontinuities are obtained by the Hankel transform technique, and the corresponding boundary integral-differential equations are constructed with the superposition principle. Green’s functions of constant interfacial displacement discontinuities within a rectangular element are derived, and a boundary element method is proposed for numerical simulation. The singularity of stresses near the crack front is investigated, and the stress intensity factors (SIFs) as well as energy release rates (ERRs) are determined. Finally, relevant influencing factors on the fracture behavior are discussed. 相似文献
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