Clustering of gadolinium endofullerenols in aqueous solutions

Nature of structuring of aqueous solutions of paramagnetic endofullerenols Gd@C _n (OH)_38–40 was determined in relation to the concentration and pH factor from small-angle neutron scattering, viscometric, and conductometric data. Molecular fractal clusters of the type of branched polymers were found, with their correlation radius being about 20 nm and aggregation numbers reaching a value of 104. The clusterized systems obtained are promising as a basis for MRI-contrasting agents and other biomedical preparations for diagnostics and therapy.     

Metals in surface water of Ukraine: the migration forms,features of distribution between the abiotic components of aquatic ecosystems,and potential bioavailability

We have generalized the results of long-term studies of coexisting forms of a series of metals (Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Mo, Cd, and V) in surface water bodies of Ukraine, differing in the hydrological regime and the water chemical composition (rivers, reservoirs, lakes, and ponds). The studied metals content has ranged widely, the concentrations of aluminum, iron, and manganese being typically the highest, and the concentration of molybdenum, vanadium, and cadmium being typically the lowest. The ratio between the suspended and the dissolved forms of the metals has been established. Iron and aluminum migrate mostly as part of the suspended matter, whereas the other metals mainly migrate in the dissolved state. The dissolved manganese form predominates in the water bodies under anaerobic conditions. Copper and molybdenum are present almost always in the dissolved state, regardless of the water body type. The data on the relative content of the labile metal fraction (potentially toxic to aquatic organisms) are reported. The relatively low content of this fraction has been found to be majorly owing to the metal ions complexing with natural organic ligands. The humic compounds, the most widespread group of natural organic compounds, play the primary role in the complexation. Even metals with variable oxidation state (Cr, Mo, and V) are found mainly in the form of anionic complexes with the humic substances. Carbohydrates are also involved in the metals binding in the highly bioproductive water bodies, thus increasing the mass fraction of the neutral complexes during the summer and autumn periods. The molecular weight distribution of anionic metal complexes has been discussed; the substantial part of the metals constitutes the compounds with the molecular weight of below 5.0 kDa.     

Synthesis and photochemical properties of 3,6-di-<Emphasis Type="Italic">tert</Emphasis>-butyl-9<Emphasis Type="Italic">H</Emphasis>-carbazole derivatives

Method of synthesis has been developed for a series of 3,6-di-tert-butyl-9H-carbazole derivatives and their photochemical properties have been investigated. The dependence of the Steglich esterification reaction on the nature of the catalyst was studied. The synthesized compounds show fluorescent emission in the range 400–600 nm with a high quantum yield.     

Reaction of 1-germatranol hydrate with carboxylic acids

Reaction of 1-germatranol hydrate with carboxylic acids RCOOH (R = ClCH₂, PhCH=CH, Ph, 2-FC₆H₄, 3-BrC₆H₄, 3-HOC₆H₄, 3-EtOC₆H₄) in protic (CH₃OH, iso-C₅H₁₁OH) and aprotic polar solvent (CH₃CN) is studied. 1-Acyloxygermatranes RC(O)OGe(OCH{in2}CH{in2}){in3}N are formed in yields from 11 to ~100 % depending on the nature of the acid, solvent, duration of the process and the method of its completion. The reaction is the most effective in acetonitrile. Its topochemical completion (heating of the reaction residue in a vacuum) increases the yield of 1-acyloxygermatranes.     

Acylation of 1-methoxy-3-methyl-1-triazene 2-oxide

Chlorides and anhydrides of carboxylic (including dicarboxylic) acids react with salts of 1-methoxy-3-methyl-1-triazene 2-oxides to give the corresponding 3-acyl-1-methoxy-3-methyl-1-triazene 2-oxides.     

Advances in the synthesis of 7-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-hexahydro-3<Emphasis Type="Italic">H</Emphasis>-pyrrolizin-3-one (Pyrromilast)–a promising agent for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The review summarizes the known approaches to diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of 7-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexahydro-3H-pyrrolizin-3-one (Pyrromilast), a highly active inhibitor of subtype 4B phosphodiesterase and a promising agent for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.     

Acetylenic derivatives of betulonic acid amide as a new type of compounds possessing spasmolytic activity

Efficient and versatile synthetic procedures towards novel derivatives of betulonic acid via Mannich reaction, Sonogashira cross-coupling, and copper(i)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cyclo-additions were developed. Introduction of secondary amines (Mannich reaction) into betulonic acid amides led to derivatives possessing marked spasmolytic activity, which is not characteristic of the triterpene fragment.     

Calculation of possible stabilization of glycosyl carbocations in furanosides by different theoretical methods

The paper deals with the comparison of different theoretical methods for the calculation of stabilization energies of glycosyl cations from fucofuranoside glycosyl donors containing different protecting groups at atom O(3). The experimental and calculated data on stereoselectivity of glycosylation were compared. The formation of the stabilized glycosyl cations is considered as one of the possible steps of glycosylation reaction, which exerts influence on the stereoselectivity of the process and makes it possible to obtain difficultly accessible 1,2-cis-glycosides. Semi-empirical and ab initio methods without allowance for the electron correlation underestimate the stabilization energy values. The allowance for the electron correlation in the MP2 approximation, as well as the calculations by density functional theory, allowed us to obtain the data corresponding to the experimentally observed stereoselectivity.     

Crystal associates of 18-crown-6 and polyfluoro(het)arylenediamines: structure,properties, and selectivity of formation

The new group of objects in crystal engineering, namely, 1 : 1 associates of polyfluoro(het)arylenediamines and 18-crown-6, being supramolecular 1D assemblies, is considered. Diamine isomerism is shown to serve as a design tool for control of the supramolecular architecture, and the nature of the aromatic framework and location and volume of substituents determine linear dimensions of the elementary unit in an assembly. A linear dependence of the enthalpy of melting of co-crystals on the length of the assembly unit is observed in the series of the meta-(het)arylenediamine and 18-crown-6 associates. The effect of selective co-crystallization of polyfluoroarylenediamines with crown ether is used in practice for the isolation of high-purity compounds from mixtures of products of the non-selective amination of basic polyfluoroarenes.     

Alkylation of toluene with dichloromethane in the presence of triisobutylaluminum and perfluorophenylborates

¹H NMR method showed that in systems based on triisobutylaluminum (TIBA) and triphenylcyclopropenylium [Ph₃C₃]⁺[B(C₆F₅)₄]–(CPB) or triphenylmethylium [Ph₃C]⁺[B(C₆F₅)₄]–(TB) perfluorophenylborates in a toluene–dichloromethane mixture the Friedel–Crafts process occurs with the formation of ditolylmethane (DTM) accompanied by the complete decomposition of TIBA to form isobutane. ¹⁹F NMR spectroscopy showed that the [B(C₆F₅)₄]–anion decomposes in the systems to form B(C₆F₅)₃ and HC₆F₅. The short-living [AlBu₂ ⁱ]+ cation formed in the reaction of perfluorophenylborates with TIBA is assumed to be the species initiating the process. It has been shown that CPB is less reactive than TB. The addition of a stoichiometric amount of Ph₂CCpFluHfMe₂ exerts no effect on the process with the CPB-containing system but inhibits the reaction in the case of TB.