Styrene emulsion polymerization: Particle-size distributions

Data are presented on the time evolution of particle-size distributions (PSDs) in seeded and ab initio styrene emulsion polymerization systems. Initiation was by chemical reagent (potassium persulfate) or γ-radiation. The unswollen PSDs at various times during interval II of the polymerization were obtained by direct measurement of calibrated electron micrographs. Experimental results were fitted with the equations that describe the time evolution of an initial PSD. Analytic solutions to these equations that allow for entry, exit, and propagation of free radicals were obtained. The values of the rate coefficients for these processes used to fit the experimental data were in excellent agreement with those obtained from dilatometric kinetics experiments.     

A COMPARISON OF MAMMALIAN CELL SENSITIVITY TO EITHER 254 nm OR ARTIFICIAL "SOLAR" SIMULATED RADIATION

The sensitivity of six mammalian cell strains to either germicidal (254 nm) or artificial "solar" simulated radiation was tested. The solar simulator used had an output similar, in some respects, to natural sunlight. Cellular capacity for Herpes simplex virus production was used as the assay procedure. The tested cells were a strain of African green monkey kidney cells and five human skin fibroblast cell strains. The latter included a "normal" cell strain, and four photosensitive cell strains; three of which were strains of xeroderma pigmentosum cells, and one strain of Bloom's syndrome cells. When comparing the D¹⁰ values, the different cell strains varied by a factor of six in response to germicidal radiation, but only by a factor of two to artificial "solar" simulated radiation. The relative sensitivity of the cells to either type of radiation also varied from 1.7 to 10.9. Large variations in response occurred even among the xeroderma pigmentosum cell strains. These responses suggest that mammalian cell sensitivity to 254 nm radiation may not be a true indicator of a cell's responses to natural sunlight.     

Detection of toluene diisocyanate with a coated quartz piezoelectric crystal: Part 3. Practical coatings for a humidity-corrected detector

Dithizone and tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) were tested as coatings for quartz piezoelectric crystals to be used in a detector for touene diisocyanate (TDI). Cobalt(II) chloride and polyethylene glycol (PEG) with molecular weights of 400 and 1540 were tested for suitability as coatings for detecting humidity variations so that correction for humidity could be obtained from a two-crystal system. Sensitivities for TDI of 12 and 75 Hz ppm^?1 were found with dithizone and TOPO, respectively, between 0 and 1 ppm TDI. Cobalt chloride-coated crystals showed a sensitivity for water of 0.053 Hz ppm^?1 at 8000 ppm water and about 40 Hz ppm^?1 for TDI at the 2 ppm level. PEG-400 and PEG-1540 provided sensitivities to water of 0.038 and 0.051 Hz ppm^?1 respectively, and the response was linear over the range 9000—13 000 ppm water. All coatings showed irreversible behaviour towards TDI.     

Polysaccharides ofEremurus. X. Characteristics of the polysaccharides ofEremurus lactiflorus andE. luteus

Water-soluble polysaccharides have been isolated from two species ofEremurus — E. lactiflorus andE. luteus — with yields of 13.5% and 20.5%, respectively. They contained mainly glucose and mannose in ratios of 1:5 and 1:3.1. The polysaccharides ofE. lactiflorus were separated from a column of DEAE-cellulose. The yield of neutral fraction was 10.3%. Gel filtration of the polysaccharides on Sephadex G-200 showed their polydispersity. Homogeneous fractions were obtained by fractional precipitation with ethanol. They have been characterized with respect to monosaccharide composition, molecular weight, and IR spectra.     

Decarbonylation of N-carbazolylacetyl chloride in the friedel-crafts acylation reaction

Reaction products of N-carbazolylacetyl chloride under Friedel-Crafts reaction conditions include carbon monoxide, the reaction product from carbazole and formaldehyde (CF condensate), and carbazole. It is postulated that decarbonylation of N-carbazolylacetyl chloride involves intermediate formation of a N-carbazolylmethyl cation.     

Ungesättigte Zucker. Eine milde Sulfonat-β-Eliminierung bei Aminohexopyranosiduronat-Derivaten

Substituted 2-deoxy-2-acylamino-4-O-methanesulfonyl-hexopyranosiduronates yield, by mild alkaline mesylate (a, e)-β-elimination, the corresponding 4,5-unsaturated 4-deoxyhexopyranosiduronates VIII. This type of aminosugars proved to be the cyclic enol-ether acetal form of the 2,4-dideoxy-2-acylamino-hexos-5-ulosuronates. The structural principle of the latter can be found e.g. in neuraminic acid. These 4,5-unsaturated 4-deoxy-acylamino-hexopyranosiduronates give by reduction with NaBH₄ the corresponding 4,5-unsaturated 2,4-dideoxy-2-acylamino-hexopyranosides IX (with an endocyclic double bond on the glycosidic C atom 5). The isomeric 5,6-unsaturated 2,6-dideoxy-2-acylamino-hexopyranosides XVI (with an exocyclic double bond) are furthermore synthesized according to the method of HELFERICH [14] by elimination of a molecule of HI from the corresponding 2,6-dideoxy-2-acylamino-6-iodo-4-O-acylhexopyranoside derivatives XV. The ring stability of the two types of isomeric unsaturated hexopyranosides mentioned (bearing respectively an exo- and an endocyclic 5-enol-ether linkage) has been examined. In accordance with the stability principle of BROWN [16] – on the base of our preliminary experimental indications – the hexopyranosides with endocyclic double bond have been shown to be more stable than those with an exocyclic double bond: the latter (1) decompose slowly at 20°; (2) the α-glycosidic linkage is very easily split by dil. acetic acid at 20° within a few hours, giving 2, G-dideoxy-2-acyl-amino-D -xylo-hcxofuranos-5-ulose derivatives XX. On the other hand, the hcxopyranosides with endocyclic double bond show in the mass spectrometer, besides other fragmentations, a retro-dien decomposition. Some data on the NMR. spectra (100 and 220 MHz) of the above isomeric unsaturated acylamino-hexopyranosides (and hexopyranosiduronates, resp.) are furnished. The ORD./CD. spectra of the 4,5-unsaturated 2,4-dideoxy-2-acylamino-hexopyranosiduronates, which have two «COTTON centres», have been measured.     

Argentometric determination of iodide and cyanide using a depolarisation end-point

It has been shown that the depotarisation end-point technique, based on the phenomenon of a sudden out-of-balance current, produced by the establishment of a new redox potential at the indicator electrode in a pre-balanced circuit, can also be applied to precipitation titrations. The use of a platinum indicator electrode instead of one made of silver, and determination in very dilute solution, yield better results than those obtained using the classical potentiometric method.     

The oxonium theory in the light of an optical study of the hydrogen bond in some monovinyl ethers of glycols and polyglycols

Summary An optical investigation of some monovinyl ethers of glycols and polyglycols has indicated the presence of intermolecular hydrogen bonds in the liquid state, and this is confirmed by data derived from other phycicochemical investigations. The presence of an intermolecular hydrogen bond explains the anomalous valency of the oxygen atom of the investigated class of ethers (Its oxonium character), and also peculiarities of the properties of these ethers.     

Na-montmorillonite hydrates under ethane rich reservoirs: NPzzT and muPzzT simulations

Na-montmorillonite hydrates in presence of ethane molecules are studied by means of hybrid Monte Carlo simulations in the NP(zz)T and muP(zz)T ensembles. The NP(zz)T ensemble allows us to study the interlaminar distance as a function of water and ethane content. These data show clear plateaus for lower ethane contents and mainly for water contents consistent with the formation of a single water layer. In addition, from this ensemble the structure for some of these interlaminar compositions were analyzed. For systems containing few ethane molecules and water enough to complete a single layer, it was observed that ethane mainly situates close to the interlayer midplane and adopts a nearly parallel arrangement to the clay surface. On the other hand, the muP(zz)T ensemble allows us to determine the interlaminar distance and water-ethane content for any specific reservoir. Here, some important findings are the following: the partial exchange of water by ethane molecules that enhances for decreasing the water vapor pressure; the obtention of a practically constant interlaminar space distance as a function of the water vapor pressure; the conservation of ion solvation shells; the enhancement of the water-ethane exchange for burial conditions; and finally, the incapability for a dehydrated clay mineral to swell in a dry and rich ethane atmosphere.