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111.
Twelve series of linear oligomers of four different degrees of polymerization (xn = 8.77−41.55), having a common perfluorinated random copolymeric chain as molecular body and two equal foreign end units of one of the types listed in Table 1, have been synthesized by derivatization of base samples of one of them having a diolic---CH2OH functionality. The glass transition temperature Tg of all the series was measured and thus examined as a function of xn. A clear end unit effect is observed, dominantly determined in every series by chemical nature and structure of the end units, quantitatively expressed at any xn by different positive or negative Tg deviations from the common asymptotic Tg∞ value. The results are also discussed in terms of copolymer end effect and of relation between Tg and end copolymeric composition. 相似文献
112.
Richard F. W. Bader 《International journal of quantum chemistry》1994,49(3):299-308
The physics of a system is determined by a variation of the action integral, i.e., by a variation of the space–time volume integral of the Lagrange function. If one demands that the properties of an atom in a molecule be derived from physics, the atom must generate its own space–time volume, requiring that its boundaries be defined in real space. The variations in the action are related to the actions of generators of infinitesimal unitary transformations. In the general case, the action integral is altered by generators acting in both the spacelike and timelike surface bounding the space–time volume, whereas for a total isolated system, the physics is totally determined by their action in just the spacelike surfaces at the two time endpoints. It is shown and illustrated for a one-dimensional system that the definition of an atom corresponds to the possibility of choosing a subsystem in such a way that the contributions to the change in action resulting from the evolution in time of its spatial boundaries vanishes identically. The properties of these subsystems and of the total system of which they are a part are, therefore, determined by one and the same action principle. This choice of subsystem corresponds to the possibility of augmenting the Lagrange function by the divergence of the gradient of the electron density a step that, while leaving the equations of motion unchanged, modifies the generating operators in the required manner. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
113.
F. G. Vagizov 《Hyperfine Interactions》1995,95(1):85-95
We present the results of an experimental investigation of a RF splitting of57Fe hyperfine lines in the regime of NMR and Mössbauer double resonance. The experiments have been performed as a function of RF field intensity and static magnetic field magnitude. The intensity of the RF components and the separation between them are extremely sensitive to the frequency and amplitude of the RF magnetic field. The RF splitting of hyperfine lines is inversely proportional to the strength of the static magnetic field. 相似文献
114.
V. Palyok I.A. Szabó D.L. Beke A. Kikineshi 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2002,74(5):683-687
Surface relief formation at holographic recording on amorphous selenium films was demonstrated and investigated. The presence
of this optical phase modulation component is essential for ensuring significant, stable and erasable optical recording in
a-Se films at 290–320 K temperatures, where conventional photodarkening was known as insignificant and unstable. Photocrystallization
can only be observed in super-exposed a-Se films at the given experimental conditions of hologram recording. Erasing behavior
of surface relief gratings under heat treatment was also investigated in order to reveal further details of the mechanism.
Photoinduced structural transformations within the amorphous phase, connected to local ordering under the condition of light-induced
fluidity, are proposed as an explanation for the relief formation and erasing. The observed reversible optical recording process
may be useful for the various optoelectronic applications of photoconductive a-Se layers.
Received: 12 June 2000 / Accepted: 6 June 2001 / Published online: 30 August 2001 相似文献
115.
C. Daum L. Hertzberger W. Hoogland R. Jongerius S. Peters P. Van Deurzen V. Chabaud A. Gonzalez-Arroyo B. Hyams H. Tiecke P. Weilhammer A. Dwurazny G. Polok M. Rozanska K. Rybicki M. Turala J. Turnau G. Ascoli H. Backer G. Blanar M. Cerrada H. Dietl J. Gallivan M. Glaubmann R. Klanner E. Lorenz G. Lütjens G. Lutz W. Männer U. Stierlin I. Blakey M. Bowler R. Cashmore J. Loken W. Spalding G. Thompson B. Alper C. Damerell A. Gillman C. Hardwick M. Hotchkiss F. Wickens ACCMOR Collaboration 《Zeitschrift fur Physik C Particles and Fields》1981,10(2):95-100
Muon electron pairs were detected in an Al multiplate spark chamber, exposed to a neutrino beam from the CERN PS. The leptons were not accompanied by other particles, except occasionally by protons. The background came mainly from muon associated π0 production, with one decay gamma lost. It was determined empirically, together with the small contribution from υ e reactions. For electron energies above 2 GeV the background is 5.7±1.5 events, whereas 18 (μe)-candidates have been observed. Hence the effect is established, with a rate of about 10?4 as compared to the muonic reactions above 3 GeV. Charm creation as the origin of this (μe)-production process is excluded; heavy neutral lepton production does not fit the kinematics observed. Instead the events are compatible with the two-body decay of an object with variable invariant mass of order 1 GeV, possibly resulting from axion interactions. 相似文献
116.
117.
A comparison of steady-state evoked potentials to modulated tones in awake and sleeping humans. 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
L T Cohen F W Rickards G M Clark 《The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America》1991,90(5):2467-2479
Steady-state evoked potential responses were measured to binaural amplitude-modulated (AM) and combined amplitude- and frequency-modulated (AM/FM) tones. For awake subjects, AM/FM tones produced larger amplitude responses than did AM tones. Awake and sleeping responses to 30-dB HL AM/FM tones were compared. Response amplitudes were lower during sleep and the extent to which they differed from awake amplitudes was dependent on both carrier and modulation frequencies. Background EEG noise at the stimulus modulation frequency was also reduced during sleep and varied with modulation frequency. A detection efficiency function was used to indicate the modulation frequencies likely to be most suitable for electrical estimation of behavioral threshold. In awake subjects, for all carrier frequencies tested, detection efficiency was highest at a modulation frequency of 45 Hz. In sleeping subjects, the modulation frequency regions of highest efficiency varied with carrier frequency. For carrier frequencies of 250 Hz, 500 Hz, and 1 kHz, the highest efficiencies were found in two modulation frequency regions centered on 45 and 90 Hz. For 2 and 4 kHz, the highest efficiencies were at modulation frequencies above 70 Hz. Sleep stage affected both response amplitude and background EEG noise in a manner that depended on modulation frequency. The results of this study suggest that, for sleeping subjects, modulation frequencies above 70 Hz may be best when using steady-state potentials for hearing threshold estimation. 相似文献
118.
R. F. Bikbaev 《Theoretical and Mathematical Physics》1989,80(3):1004-1006
Physics and Mathematics Division with Computational Center of the Bashkir Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Matematicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 80, No. 3, pp. 470–473, September, 1989. 相似文献
119.
M I Salema A P B Póvoa A Q Novais 《The Journal of the Operational Research Society》2006,57(6):615-629
In this paper, an MILP formulation is proposed for the design of a reverse logistics network based on a warehouse location–allocation model, which optimizes, simultaneously, the forward and reverse networks. A single product model with unlimited capacity is first defined. Subsequently, the model is extended to a multi-product capacitated recovery network model, where capacity limitations and a multi-product system can be considered. The proposed model is compared to published work in the field, where different model assumptions have been proposed. Two cases are described so as to gain a better insight into the model and allow a comparative analysis. 相似文献
120.
Julia K Pruns Jens-Peter Vietzke Manfred Strassner Claudius Rapp Ulrich Hintze Wilfried A K?nig 《Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM》2002,16(3):208-211
A new solvent-free sample preparation method using silver trifluoroacetate (AgTFA) was developed for the analysis of low molecular weight paraffins and microcrystalline waxes by laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LDI-TOFMS). Experiments show that spectral quality can be enhanced by dispersing AgTFA directly in liquid paraffins without the use of additional solvents. This preparation mixture is applied directly to the MALDI probe. Solid waxes could be examined by melting prior to analysis. The method also provides sufficiently reproducible spectra that peak area ratios between mono- and bicyclic alkane peaks indicated variations in the cycloalkane content of paraffin samples. Dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons observed during the desorption/ionization process was studied by analysis of alkane standards. 相似文献