An ultraviolet-curable mold for sub-100-nm lithography

We describe a novel UV-curable mold that is stiff enough for replicating dense sub-100-nm features even with a high aspect ratio. It also allows for flexibility when the mold is prepared on a flexible support such that large area replication can be accomplished. The composite material of the mold is inert to chemicals and solvents. The surface energy is made low with a small amount of releasing agent such that the mold can be removed easily and cleanly after patterning. In addition, the material allows self-replication of the mold. These unique features of the mold material should make the mold quite useful for various patterning purposes.     

Redetermination of (6R,7S,9S,11S)‐(–)‐sparteinium monoperchlorate

The structure of the title compound, C₁₅H₂₇N₂⁺·ClO₄^?, consists of a monoprotonated sparteinium cation and a perchlorate anion. The two tertiary N atoms of the cation, one perchlorate O atom and a H atom form a bifurcated hydrogen bond, the four hydrogen‐bonding atoms being nearly in the same plane.     

Copper coupling of 1-chloro-2-iodo- and 1,2-di-iodo-perfluorocycloalkenes

Reductive coupling of 1-chloro-2-iodoperfluorocyclobutene (I), cyclopentene (III) and cyclohexene (VI) has been carried out with copper powder and a trace amount of dimethylformamide to give the corresponding 2,2′-dichloroperfluoro-(bi-1-cycloalken-1-yl) derivatives in 69%, 36% and 73% yield, respectively. A reduced by-product, 2H,2′H-dodecafluoro-(bi-1-cyclopenten-1-yl) was also obtained in the copper coupling of (III). Coupling of 1,2-di-iodoperfluorocyclobutene (IX) and cyclopentene (XII) under similar conditions gave good yields of cyclic trimers and tetramers. Mass spectra, infrared and ¹⁹F NMR data are discussed.     

CONTRASTING STRUCTURAL IMPACTS INDUCED BY cis-syn CYCLOBUTANE DIMER AND (6–4) ADDUCT IN DNA DUPLEX DECAMERS: IMPLICATION IN MUTAGENESIS AND REPAIR ACTIVITY

Abstract—
The relative biological importance of cis-syn cyclobutane dimer and pyrimidine(6–4)pyr-imidone photoadduct ([6–4] photoadduct) appears to be dependent on the biological species, dipyrimidine sites and the local conformational variation induced at the damaged sites. The single-stranded deoxyn-ucleotide 10-mers containing the site-specific (6–4) adduct or cis-syn cyclobutane dimer of thymidylyl (3'-5')-thymidine were generated by direct photolysis of d(CGCATTACGC) with UVC (220–260 nm) irradiation or UVB (260–320 nm) photosensitization. Three-dimensional structures of the duplex cis-syn and (6–4) decamers of d(CGCATTACGC)d(GCGTAATGCG) were determined by NMR spectroscopy and the relaxation matrix refinement method. The NMR data and structural calculations establish that Watson-Crick base pairing is still intact at the cis-syn dimer site while the hydrogen bonding is absent at the 3'-side of the (6–4) lesion where the T → C transition mutation is predominantly targeted. Overall conformation of the duplex cis-syn decamer was B-DNA and produced a 9° bending in the DNA helix, but a distinctive base orientation of the (6–4) lesion provided a structural basis leading to 44° helical bending. The observed local structure and conformational rigidity at the (6–4) adduct of the thymidylyl(3'-5')-thymidine (T-T [6–4]) lesion site suggest the potential absence of hydrogen bonding at the 3' sides of the (6–4) lesion with a substituted nucleotide during replication under SOS conditions. Contrasting structural distortions induced by the T-T (6–4) adduct with respect to the T-T cis-syn cyclobutane pyrimidine photodimer may explain the large differences in mutation spectrum and repair activities between them.     

Corn silk induces nitric oxide synthase in murine macrophages

Corn silk has been purified as an anticoagulant previously and the active component is a polysaccharide with a molecular mass of 135 kDa. It activates murine macrophages to induce nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and generate substantial amounts of NO in time and dose-dependent manners. It was detectable first at 15 h after stimulation by corn silk, peaked at 24 h, and undetectable by 48 h. Induction of NOS is inhibited by pyrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) and genistein, an inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) and tyrosine kinase, respectively, indicating that iNOS stimulated by corn silk is associated with tyrosine kinase and NF-kappaB signaling pathways. IkappaB-alpha degradation was detectible at 10 min, and the level was restored at 120 min after treatment of corn silk. Corn silk induced nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB by phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaB-alpha.