全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1206篇 |
免费 | 16篇 |
国内免费 | 8篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 790篇 |
晶体学 | 6篇 |
力学 | 11篇 |
数学 | 235篇 |
物理学 | 188篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 8篇 |
2021年 | 11篇 |
2020年 | 9篇 |
2019年 | 13篇 |
2018年 | 11篇 |
2017年 | 11篇 |
2016年 | 22篇 |
2015年 | 24篇 |
2014年 | 24篇 |
2013年 | 44篇 |
2012年 | 53篇 |
2011年 | 53篇 |
2010年 | 38篇 |
2009年 | 32篇 |
2008年 | 61篇 |
2007年 | 65篇 |
2006年 | 60篇 |
2005年 | 46篇 |
2004年 | 38篇 |
2003年 | 33篇 |
2002年 | 43篇 |
2001年 | 10篇 |
1999年 | 8篇 |
1998年 | 10篇 |
1996年 | 12篇 |
1993年 | 7篇 |
1992年 | 8篇 |
1991年 | 16篇 |
1989年 | 7篇 |
1985年 | 11篇 |
1983年 | 7篇 |
1982年 | 8篇 |
1981年 | 12篇 |
1979年 | 10篇 |
1978年 | 10篇 |
1977年 | 8篇 |
1975年 | 7篇 |
1974年 | 8篇 |
1935年 | 7篇 |
1927年 | 9篇 |
1926年 | 7篇 |
1913年 | 7篇 |
1912年 | 11篇 |
1911年 | 7篇 |
1910年 | 9篇 |
1909年 | 19篇 |
1903年 | 8篇 |
1898年 | 7篇 |
1890年 | 8篇 |
1885年 | 11篇 |
排序方式: 共有1230条查询结果,搜索用时 8 毫秒
111.
The effect of enzymes: lipase from Candida cylindracea (LCc), phospholipase A2 from hog pancreas (PLA2) and phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus (PLC) to modulate wetting properties of solid supported phospholipid bilayers was studied via advancing and receding contact angle measurements of water, formamide and diiodomethane, and calculation of the surface free energy and its components from van Oss et al. (LWAB) and contact angle hysteresis (CAH) approaches. Simultaneously, topography of the studied layers was determined by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The investigated lipid bilayers were transferred on mica plates from subphase of pure water by means of Langmuir-Blodgett and Langmuir-Schaefer techniques. The investigated phospolipid layers were: saturated DPPC (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine), unsaturated DOPC (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine), and their mixture DPPC/DOPC. The obtained results revealed that the lipid membrane degradation by the enzymes caused increase in its surface free energy due to the amphiphilic hydrolysis products, which may accumulate in the lipid bilayer. In result activity of the enzymes may increase and then break down the bilayer structure takes place. It is likely that after dissolution of the hydrolysis reaction products in the bulk phase, patches of bare mica surface are accessible, which contribute to the apparent surface free energy changes. Comparison of AFM images and the free energy changes of the layers gives better insight into changes of their properties. The observed gradual increase in the layer surface free energy allows controlling of the hydrolysis process to obtain the surfaces of defined properties. 相似文献
112.
Timur I. Abdullin Oksana V. Bondar Irina I. Nikitina Emil R. Bulatov Michail V. Morozov Albert Kh. Hilmutdinov Myakzyum Kh. Salakhov Mustafa ulha 《Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2009,77(1):37-42
We studied the electrochemical properties of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and their complexes with proteins using square-wave voltammetry. Effect of the nanoparticle size and detection procedure was explored upon the oxidation of GNPs on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). For pre-characterized GNPs of 13, 35 and 78 nm diameter, the oxidation peak potential was + 0.98, + 1.03 and + 1.06 V vs. Ag/AgCl, respectively. The conjugation of GNPs with four different proteins was verified by UV–Vis spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy indicated the formation of protein shells around GNPs. This process hampered the oxidation of GNPs on bare GCE causing pronounced decrease in the current response by an average factor of 72. GCE modification with carbon nanotubes weakly influenced the sensitivity of GNP detection but resulted in a 14.5-fold signal increase averaged for all GNP–protein complexes. The acidic dissolution and electrodeposition of GNPs or their complexes adsorbed on GCE allowed superior signal amplification directly proportional to nanoparticle size. The results are useful for the optimization of voltammetric analysis of GNP–protein complexes and can be extended to the characterization of other metal nanostructures and their complexes with biological components. 相似文献
113.
Emil C. Buruiana Marek Kowalczuk Grazyna Adamus Zbigniew Jedlinski 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2008,46(12):4103-4111
In the present article, we describe the synthesis and characterization of conjugates based on pyroglutamyl‐S‐glutamic acid and bisoligo‐[R,S]‐3‐hydroxybutyrates (PyGlu‐S_‐Glu_bisOHB) using anionic ring opening polymerization of β‐butyrolactone with a dipeptide bearing two carboxylate groups as potassium salt. The results indicated that the above‐mentioned reaction is accompanied of oligomerization of β‐butyrolactone yielding (3‐hydroxybutyrates) oligomers with crotonate and carboxyl end groups. We report also the end group analysis of the synthesized conjugates using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS), the latter confirmed the presence of a mixture of dipeptide conjugate with β‐butyrolactone oligomer chain and β‐butyrolactone homopolymer. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 4103–4111, 2008 相似文献
114.
Emil Pfeiffer 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》1885,24(1):410-410
115.
Emil Zdarek 《Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry》1902,41(9):553
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
116.
Emil Berglund 《Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry》1885,24(1):184-195
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
117.
We establish the following converse to the Eidelheit theorem: an unbounded closed and convex set of a real Hilbert space may be separated by a closed hyperplane from every other disjoint closed and convex set, if and only if it has a finite codimension and a non-empty interior with respect to its affine hull. 相似文献
118.
119.
Emil S. Koteles 《Fiber and Integrated Optics》1999,18(4):211-244
A review is presented of state-of-the-art optical planar waveguide demultiplexers (DEMUXes), that is, phasars (arrayed waveguide) and etched grating devices designed for high-density (narrow channel spacing) wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems. Their advantages and disadvantages are discussed in comparison with other techniques for demultiplexing WDM signals. The advances made in their performance are reviewed, and ultimate limitations, set by technological constraints, are proposed. Finally, a comparison is made of the advantages and disadvantages of etched grating as opposed to phasar planar waveguide DEMUXes. 相似文献
120.