A comparison of geometric methods with other methods for the characterization of density matrices

Some recently developed geometric methods for characterizing the subset of density matrices within the space of Hermitian matrices are compared with methods commonly used for the approximate characterization of reduced density matrices. The decomposition of a density matrix into components in terms of the reducing basis set is compared with decomposition in terms of representations of U(r).     

13C-NMR. Spectroscopy of naturally occurring substances. XXXII. Vincaleucoblastine and related alkaloids.

The total assignment of the ¹³C-shifts of the complex Vinica rosea L. alkaloids vincaleucoblastine, leurosidine and leurosine and of a synthetic isomer of the latter is presented. The structure of leurosidine is corrected and a tentative structure for the acid-catalyzed product of isomerization of leurosine is proposed.     

Studies on amino acids and peptides-III. 2,4-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfide,LR, as a new racemization free coupling reagent in peptide synthesis

The easily accessible 2,4-bis (4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfide, $\text{LR}$, has been reacted with salts of N-protected amino acids $\text{1}$ (Z-Gly-OH, Boc-Gly-OH, Boc-S-Ser(Bzl)-OH, Boc-S-Tyr(Bzl)-OH, Z-S-Arg(Z₂)-OH, and Z-S-Pro-OH), at room temperature in CH₂Cl₂ to give the intermediates $\text{2}$, mixed anhydrides. When $\text{2}$ is treated with two moles of a base and one mole of the salt of an amino acid ester $\text{3}$ (TosOH·H-Gly-OBzl, HCl·H-Gly-OBzl, HCl·H-Gly-OEt, and HCl·H-S-Phe-OtBu) at 0°C, the expected peptide $\text{4}$ is isolated in high yields. LR is also found to be a useful reagent in a fragment coupling between Z-Gly-S-Ala-OH and TosOH·H-S-Leu-OBzl). This tripeptide was tested by means of HPLC (deprotection and amino acid analysis according to Izumiya was not necessary), and no epimerization (<0.7 %) was observed.     

A new approach to the “sudden” collisional dynamics of atom-molecule systems

The sudden model of atom—molecule vibrotational scattering is generalized to introduce effects of nuclear relaxation. Ab initio corrections are obtained in the form of energy and space differentiations of an off-shell sudden T-matrix. The physical interpretation of the theory and a preliminary numerical application are considered.     

Consensus values for NIST biological and environmental Standard Reference Materials

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, formerly the National Bureau of Standards or NBS) has produced numerous Standard Reference Materials (SRM) for use in biological and environmental analytical chemistry. The value listed on the “NIST Certificate of Analysis” is the present best estimate of the “true” concentration of that element and is not expected to deviate from that concentration by more than the stated uncertainty. However, NIST does not certify the elemental concentration of every constituent and the number of elements reported in the NIST programs tends to be limited. Numerous analysts have published concentration data on these reference materials. Major journals in analytical chemistry, books, proceedings and “technical reports” have been surveyed to collect these available literature values. A standard statistical approach has been employed to evaluate the compiled data. Our methodology has been developed in a series of previous papers. Some subjective criteria are first used to reject aberrant data. Following these eliminations, an initial arithmetic mean and standard deviation (S.D.) are computed from remaining data for each element. All data now outside two S.D. from the initial mean are dropped and a second mean and S.D. recalculated. These final means and associated S.D. are reported as “consensus values” in our tables. Received: 25 April 1997 / Revised: 24 July 1977 / Accepted: 25 July 1997     

Kinetic Model of the Decomposition of Sodium Hydroxymethanesulfinate in Aqueous Solution

A kinetic model of the decomposition of sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate (rongalite) in aqueous solution at an initial value of pH 7.9 was considered. This multistep reaction was found to include oxidation decomposition in a solution surface layer and bulk reactions both with and without the participation of oxygen. To evaluate the parameters of this model, it was modified over three time intervals. The adequacy of this model to experimental data supported the hypothesis on the catalytic effect of active sulfur in the decomposition of rongalite.     

Structural equilibrium (S=0) ⇄ (S=1)and inversion of the configuration of the seven-membered saturated metal-containing ring in four-coordinate pyrazolealdiminate metal chelates of nickel(II) based on tetradentate ligands

¹H and¹³C NMR, x-ray structural analysis, and magnetic moment measurements have shown that in 5-thio(seleno)pyrazolealdiminate complexes of nickel(II) based on tetradentate ligands containing the fragment, with n=2, flattening of the chelate unit takes place in solution and in the solid state. A similar structure in which the diamine metal-containing ring has the twist-chair conformation is observed for the crystals of the complexes with n=4. For the complexes with n=4 in solution at a temperature below –50°C, rapid (on the NMR time scale) interconversion of the flattened (P) (S=0) and pseudotetrahedral (T) (S=1) structures is observed, not accompanied by inversion of the tetrahedral configuration of the metal atom. At temperatures above –50°C, in addition to the low-barrier reactions (T) (P), conversion of the seven-membered saturated metal-containing ring and inversion of the tetrahedral configuration of the Ni atom with activation barriers of 48–51 kJ/mole are observed.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2, pp. 327–335, February, 1990.     

Phototropism: a "simple" physiological response modulated by multiple interacting photosensory-response pathways

Phototropism is the process by which plants reorient growth of various organs, most notably stems, in response to lateral differences in light quantity and/or quality. The ubiquitous nature of the phototropic response in the plant kingdom implies that it provides some adaptive evolutionary advantage. Upon visual inspection it is tempting to surmise that phototropic curvatures result from a relatively simple growth response to a directional stimulus. However, detailed photophysiological, and more recently genetic and molecular, studies have demonstrated that phototropism is in fact regulated by complex interactions among several photosensory systems. At least two receptors, phototropin and a presently unidentified receptor, appear to mediate the primary photoreception of directional blue light cues in dark-grown plants. PhyB may also function as a primary receptor to detect lateral increases in far-red light in neighbor-avoidance responses of light-grown plants. Phytochromes (phyA and phyB at a minimum) also appear to function as secondary receptors to regulate adaptation processes that ultimately modulate the magnitude of curvature induced by primary photoperception. As a result of the interactions of these multiple photosensory systems plants are able to maximize the adaptive advantage of the phototropic response in ever changing light environments.     

Water in carbon nanotubes: adsorption isotherms and thermodynamic properties from molecular simulation

Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations are performed to study the adsorption of water in single-walled (6:6), (8:8), (10:10), (12:12), and (20:20) carbon nanotubes in the 248-548 K temperature range. At room temperature the resulting adsorption isotherms in (10:10) and wider single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNs) are characterized by negligible water uptake at low pressures, sudden and complete pore filling once a threshold pressure is reached, and wide adsorption/desorption hysteresis loops. The width of the hysteresis loops decreases as pore diameter narrows and it becomes negligible for water adsorption in (8:8) and (6:6) SWCNs. Results for the isosteric heat of adsorption, density profiles along the pore axis and across the pore radii, order parameter across the pore radii, and x-ray diffraction patterns are presented. Layered structures are observed when the internal diameter of the nanotubes is commensurate to the establishment of a hydrogen-bonded network. The structure of water in (8:8) and (10:10) SWCNs is ordered when the temperature is 298 and 248 K, respectively. By simulating adsorption isotherms at various temperatures, the hysteresis critical temperature, e.g., the lowest temperature at which no hysteresis can be detected, is determined for water adsorbed in (20:20), (12:12), and (10:10) SWCNs. The hysteresis critical temperature is lower than the vapor-liquid critical temperature for bulk Simple Point Charge-Extended (SPCE) water model.     

Novel heterocycles. 6. The condensation of ethyl o-fluorobenzoyl acetate with cyclic imino ethers

The reaction between ethyl o-fluorobenzoylacetate and cyclic imino ethers is described. The products, the corresponding 1,2-fused quinolines ( 13a-17a ), were isolated in good yields. In one instance the uncyclized condensation intermediate 18 was isolated and characterized.