A simple optical device for measuring free surface deformations of nontransparent liquids

In this paper, a novel optical device for measuring the deformation of liquid free surfaces is presented. The device employs a laser beam, which can be focused on any chosen location on the free surface. The key measurement is of the intensity of the beam reflected from a location on the free surface where the deformation exhibits a local extremum. The optics of the device is so designed as to measure a maximum intensity when the distance between the focusing lens and the selected point on the free surface is equal to the focal length, thus enabling a height measurement. The device is tested in ferrofluid pools where the height of the spikes of the normal field instability is measured. The simplicity of the suggested technique enables the fabrication of a quite cheap device for measuring surface deformation of nontransparent liquids, which provides good accuracy and reproducibility.     

Curve crossing in two excited states of IBr studied by photofragmentation

Curve crossing in two excited states of IBr was studied by means of photodissociation with a pulse dye laser. The ratios of the formed ground state Br(²P_{$\text{3}\text{2}$} and excited Br(²P_{$\text{1}\text{2}$}) were measured at various wavelengths. They are compared with ratios calculated with the Landau-Zener formula, using parameters given by Child. The agreement between the measurements and the calculations is very good.     

Optimization of a wet chemical continuous flow analysis method exemplified by the determinations of kjeldahl nitrogen and total phosphorus

The optimization of a rather complex wet chemical analysis method, such as the measurement of Kjeldahl nitrogen or total phosphorus with the Technicon AutoAnalyzer, is extremely tedious when purely empirical approaches are used. A mathematical model of the different stages of the measuring method (digestion, neutralization and color reaction) is described. The system can then be optimized for maximum measuring sensitivity. Optimization is done by solving numerically the non-linear optimization problem with constraints. The starting values for the optimization algorithm were found by varying these values systematically within the tolerated range, with checks that none of the constraints were violated. The theoretical results predict an increase in sensitivity by a factor of 15 compared to the method used previously. In practice, the sensitivity was increased by a factor of 10 for the total phosphorus method. For the simultaneous low-level determinations of Kjeldahl nitrogen and total phosphorus some problems of stability remain.     

Die Synthese von asymmetrisch substituierten o-Hydroxyphenyl-s-triazinen

Mono- and bis-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-s-triazines 4 , 14 , 18 , 22 , 28 , 29 can be prepared by (a) reaction of salicylic acid esters 2 with amidines 3 ; (b) reaction of 4H-1, 3-benzoxazin-4-ones 10 with amidines 3 ; and (c) Friedel-Crafts-reaction of chloro-s-triazines 26 , 27 with resorcinol 24 . In case (b) the path of reaction is determined by the character of substituent R⁴ in 10 . Scope and limitations of these reactions and accessibility of starting materials are discussed.     

Die spezifische Extraktion von Uran(VI) mit N-Benzylanilin und N-Butylanilin

Zusammenfassung Zwei Methoden zur extraktiven Abtrennung des Urans von einer Reihe von Ionen werden beschrieben. Die Extraktion erfolgt aus schwefelsaurer Lösung mit N-Benzylanilin bzw. N-Butylanilin, gelöst in Chloroform. Nach Reextraktion mit Wasser erfolgt die quantitative Bestimmung mit PAR.

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Summary Two methods for the extractive separation of uranium from a number of ions are described. The extraction is from a solution containing sulfuric acid by means of N-benzylaniline or N-butylanilin, dissolved in chloroform. After reextraction with water, there follows the quantitative determination with PAR.

     

Pars-Orbital-Methode (PO-MO), 2. Mitt.: Anwendung der Charakterordnungen aufDiels—Alder-Reaktionen

Zusammenfassung Die p-LokalisierungsenergieL _p nachBrown wird als Maß derDiels—Alder-Reaktivität in Beziehung gesetzt zu den Äthylen-, Butadien- und Benzol-Charakterordnungen . Bei Angriff an peripherencisoiden C₄-Einheiten des Moleküls fälltL _p erwartungsgemäß mit _dienoid und steigt mit den anderen Charakterordnungen. Werden innerhalb eines einzigen Benzolrings nur sekundäre C-Atome angegriffen, so steigtL _p mit allen Charakterordnungen, werden hingegen auch tertiäre C-Atome miterfaßt, fälltL _p mit allen Charakterordnungen. Dieser Hinweis auf wahrscheinliche Reaktionsmechanismen zeigt neuerlich die Signifikanz dieser Reaktionsindices.

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Brown's p-localization energy as a measure for theDiels—Alder-reactivity is correlated to ethylene-, butadiene- and benzene-character orders. If the molecule is attacked at periphericcisoidic C₄-units,L _p decreases with _dienoid and increases with the other 's, as expected. If in the reaction only secondary C-atoms of a single benzene ring are involved,L _p increases with all character orders, but if tertiary C-atoms are also involved,L _p decreases with the character orders. This hint of probable reaction mechanism shows once again the significance of these new indices of reactivity.

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Mit 4 Abbildungen

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Als 1. Mitt. zählen wir die in zitierte Arbeit.     

STRUCTURE OF DYE AGGREGATES AND THE MECHANISM(S) OF PHOTOSENSITIZATION OF AgBr*,†

Abstract— This paper reports the present conclusions of an extended investigation on photo-sensitization of silver bromide. A general molecular packing structure for dye aggregates on the AgBr (111) surface is proposed. This structure, along with the observed spectral absorption displacements of small aggregates, is used to elucidate the phenomena of antisensitization and supersensitization. Supersensitization is seen as a partitioning of large dye aggregates into small aggregates by a deliberately added second component or by gaps between the aggregates. This partitioning isolates antisensitizing dye in a small fraction of the aggregates and minimizes its effect. The smallest aggregates are least likely to contain an antisensitizer, and show the highest quantum efficiency for photoconductivity and photographic action. Photoconductivity measurements establish that supersensitization occurs before the electron appears in the AgBr phase.
The question of direct electron injection vs. energy transfer as mechanisms for AgBr photosensitization is examined in terms of radiationless transfer to surface Ag₂S on AgBr. The absorption of surface Ag₂S is shown to be adequate for acceptance of Förster transfer from the dye, and surface Ag₂S is known to be photographically active. However, this mechanism is inefficient, and inadequate to account for observed high efficiency infrared sensitization. Direct electron injection is seen as the more probable mechanism for efficient dye sensitization of AgBr.     

Synthesis and Heterocyclization of 3-Arylaminothiocrotonanilides

Reactions of acetylthioacetanilide with arylamines in acetic acid in the presence of sodium acetate give 3-arylaminothiocrotonanilides in good yields. When treated with -bromoacetophenone in acetone, these products are converted to substituted 4-hydroxy-²-thiazolinium bromides, one of which was dehydrated to obtain the corresponding thiazolium bromide. The structure of the heterocyclization products was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction and NMR study of 2-acetonylidene-3,4-diphenyl-2,3-dihydrothiazole formed by dehydration of the corresponding ²-thiazolinium salt with simultaneous hydrolysis.     

Synthesis ofS-(+)-hydroprene

A novel path toS-(+)-hydroprene (1) starting from the technical gradeS-(+)-dihydromyrcene (2, e.e. 50%) is proposed. The latter was selectively transformed intoS-3,7-dimethyloctanal (5) in three steps including hydroalumination. The reactions of5 with allyl- or methallylmagnesium chloride followed, respectively, either by oxygenation in the presence of PdCl₂/CuCl or by ozonolysis, affordS,E-6,10-dimethyl-3-undecen-2-one (7) which was treated with ethoxyethynylmagnesium bromide to give the title juvenile hormone analogue in 23% overall yield.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No 1, pp. 110–112, January, 1993.     

Secondary kinetic isotope effects: Deuterium abstraction by chlorine atoms from the CD3 group in CD3CH2Cl,CD3CHDCl,and CD3CD2Cl

The occurrence and magnitude of secondary kinetic isotope effects in the gas phase has been determined for deuterium abstraction from the CD₃ group in CD₃CH₂Cl, CD₃CHDCl, and CD₃CD₂Cl by photochemically generated ground-state chlorine atoms. Over the temperature range 10–94°C a discernible “inverse” kinetic isotope effect is observed. Both the pre-exponential factors and activation energies decrease with deuterium substitution in the vicinal chloromethyl group. The opposing trends result in a net effect close to unity.