Analyzing the transition rates of the ionization of atoms by strong fields of a CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> laser including nonzero initial momenta

Here, the method of including nonzero initial momenta for ejected electrons in strong infrared laser fields is further developed [8]. It has been shown that, apart from being natural, including the nonzero initial momenta enables one to go into a deeper analysis of the process of tunnel ionization of atoms in strong laser fields (intensity up to 10¹⁶ W/cm²). This is due to looking closely at Fig. 2, which indicates that all electrons that could be ejected, under the circumstances, are ejected at a field intensity ～10¹³ W/cm², and that the effect of ionization after that is strongly diminished, which can be seen from the slope of the plates on Figs. 2 and 4. This also explains the saturation effect for fields up to 10¹⁶ W/cm² [1, 4, 5, 7], and probably this saturation goes on until the fields raising relativistic effects ～10¹⁸ W/cm² [7]. Opposite to what was believed earlier [7], the atomic field intensities could be increased to values over 10¹⁷ W/cm² only when more than 10 electrons are ejected from the atom, it is shown that the properly calculated ionization of 9 electrons increases the atomic field intensity to ～10¹⁸ W/cm².     

Theoretical scrutinization of nine benzoic acid dimers: Stability and energy decomposition analysis

Aromatic carboxylic acids are able to form diverse dimers and multimers due to their hydrogen bond donor and acceptor cites, as well as the aromatic rings. In this work, we examine nine benzoic acid dimers stabilized by hydrogen bonding and stacking interactions. Interacting quantum atoms methodology revealed that dominant attractive interactions in all of them, including hydrogen bonded systems, are due to exchange-correlation. Coulomb interactions are significant only in the most stable dimer with a double hydrogen bond, although the corresponding energy term is almost two times lower compared to the nonclassical one. Since interacting quantum atoms approach treats monomers binding by considering electronic energy only, in order to examine dissociation kinetics we performed density functional theory-based molecular dynamics simulations of selected stacked dimers: in 40% of the studied systems at 300 K thermal energy was sufficient to overpower barrier for dissociation within 1 ps, which resulted in the separation of the monomers, whereas 20% of them remained in the stacked position even after 5 ps. These results highlight the importance of noncovalent interactions, particularly weak stacking interactions, on the structure and dynamics of carboxylic acids and their derivatives.     

Synthesis,characterization and cytotoxic activity of organoruthenium(II)-halido complexes with 5-chloro-1H-benzimidazole-2-carboxylic acid

Three new ruthenium(II)-arene halido complexes, [(η⁶-p-cymene) RuX(L)] (1–3), were synthesized in a reaction of [(η⁶-p-cymene)RuX₂]₂ with 5-chloro-1H-benzimidazole-2-carboxylic acid (HL) in ethanol (X^– = Cl^– (1), Br^– (2), I^– (3)). The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, IR, ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The cytotoxic activity of the ligand precursor and its ruthenium complexes was tested by MTT assay in human cancer cell lines: lung adenocarcinoma (A549), myelogenous leukemia (K562) as well as in one normal human fetal lung fibroblast cell line (MRC-5). The results show that ruthenium(II)-arene complexes possess enhanced cytotoxicity when compared to HL in the range of concentrations up to 300 µM. In terms of halido ligand substitution, cytotoxic activity toward A549 and K562 cell lines in 1–3 serie significantly increased (e.g., IC₅₀ values for K562: 1: 205.76 µM; 2: 174.77 µM; 3: 83.97 µM). All studied compounds were found to be ineffective toward MRC-5. Hydrolysis of 1–3 was followed by UV-vis spectroscopy at 25?°C, revealing ligand-substitution reactions at the Ru(II) center. Compounds 2 and 3 underwent rapid hydrolysis ranging from a few minutes for the aquation to ca. 20?min, confirming typical Ru-arene behavior in aqueous solutions.     

A survey of isotopic composition (2H, 3H, 18O) of groundwater from Vojvodina

Isotopes of hydrogen (³H, ²H) and oxygen (¹⁸O) are perfect candidates for groundwater tracers. A survey of isotopic composition of 34 groundwater samples and one Lake from Vojvodina region (Serbia) is presented here. Tritium activity concentration and stable isotope composition (δ²H, δ¹⁸O), as well as deuterium excess, were determined. The groundwater samples lie on the groundwater regression line. Minor deviations and a few lower deuterium excess values indicate waters recharged in a different climate regime and subjected to evaporation, respectively. According to the obtained results, most of the analyzed groundwater can be characterized as modern waters, recharged mostly from precipitation.

     

NMR evidence for the persistence of a spin superlattice beyond the 1/8 magnetization plateau in SrCu2(BO3)_{2}

We present 11B NMR studies of the 2D frustrated dimer spin system SrCu2(BO3)_{2} in the field range 27-31 T covering the upper phase boundary of the 1/8 magnetization plateau, identified at 28.4 T. Our data provide a clear evidence that above 28.4 T the spin superlattice of the 1/8 plateau is modified but does not melt even though the magnetization increases. Although this is precisely what is expected for a supersolid phase, the microscopic nature of this new phase is much more complex. We discuss the field-temperature phase diagram on the basis of our NMR data.     

Orbital non-fermi-liquid behavior in cubic ruthenates

We peruse various anomalous physical responses of the cubic (ferromagnetic SrRuO3 and paramagnetic CaRuO3) ruthenates, such as fractional power-law conductivity, anomalous Raman line shapes, and Hall currents. We show how these exciting power-law observations are naturally described within a new, local (orbital) non-Fermi-liquid state arising from strong, multiorbital Coulomb interactions. Introducing a multiorbital, correlated model treated within the dynamical mean-field theory, we also find two distinct relaxation rates for relaxation of transport in complete agreement with experiment.     

Anisotropic memory effects in confined colloidal diffusion

The motion of an optically trapped sphere constrained by the vicinity of a wall is investigated at times where hydrodynamic memory is significant. First, we quantify, in bulk, the influence of confinement arising from the trapping potential on the sphere's velocity autocorrelation function C(t). Next, we study the splitting of C(t) into C_{parallel}(t) and C_{perpendicular}(t), when the sphere is approached towards a surface. Thereby, we monitor the crossover from a slow t{-3/2} long-time tail, away from the wall, to a faster t{-5/2} decay, due to the subtle interplay between hydrodynamic backflow and wall effects. Finally, we discuss the resulting asymmetric time-dependent diffusion coefficients.     

Controlled transport and focusing of laser-accelerated protons with miniature magnetic devices

This Letter demonstrates the transporting and focusing of laser-accelerated 14 MeV protons by permanent magnet miniature quadrupole lenses providing field gradients of up to 500 T/m. The approach is highly reproducible and predictable, leading to a focal spot of (286 x 173) microm full width at half maximum 50 cm behind the source. It decouples the relativistic laser-proton acceleration from the beam transport, paving the way to optimize both separately. The collimation and the subsequent energy selection obtained are perfectly applicable for upcoming high-energy, high-repetition rate laser systems.