Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy in Asia

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is an analytical detection technique based on atomic emission spectroscopy to measure the elemental composition. LIBS has been extensively studied and developed due to the non-contact, fast response, high sensitivity, real-time and multi-elemental detection features. The development and applications of LIBS technique in Asia are summarized and discussed in this review paper. The researchers in Asia work on different aspects of the LIBS study in fundamentals, data processing and modeling, applications and instrumentations. According to the current research status, the challenges, opportunities and further development of LIBS technique in Asia are also evaluated to promote LIBS research and its applications.     

Porous WO<Subscript>3</Subscript>/reduced graphene oxide composite film with enhanced electrochromic properties

The porous WO₃/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composite films are prepared on indium–tin oxide (ITO) glass by sol-gel method. The mixture sol combines peroxotungstic acid solution with rGO dispersion reduced by ethylene glycol (EG). The excessive EG and other organic additives are subsequently removed by annealing, which leads to the formation of porous structure. Compared with pure WO₃ film, WO₃/rGO composite film shows improved electrochromic performance because of enhanced double insertion/extraction of ions and electrons. It realizes a large optical modulation (64.2 % at 633 nm), fast switching speed (9.5 s for coloration and 4.5 s for bleaching), good cycling stability as well as reversibility.     

Preparation and performance of sulfur–carbon composite based on hollow carbon nanofiber for lithium-sulfur batteries

A unique structured hollow carbon nanofiber–sulfur composite material (HCF–S) was fabricated and characterized in lithium-sulfur batteries. It is found that a part of spherical sulfur particles are located in the voids formed by the intertwined fibers and the others are confined in hollow channel of the HCF. The high conductive and porous HCF favors the construction of stable three-dimensional conducting network and convenient infiltration of the electrolytes into the cathode. The HCF–S cathode exhibits excellent electrochemical performance in the electrolyte with LiNO₃. By contrast, the ionic liquid electrolyte provides insufficient shuttle suppression and weakens ion transport, which leads to poor cycle and rate capability.     

Synthesis of Li<Subscript>4</Subscript>Ti<Subscript>5</Subscript>O<Subscript>12</Subscript>-reduced graphene oxide composite and its application for hybrid supercapacitors

We describe in this paper the synthesis and the characterization of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂-reduced graphene oxide (LTO-RGO) composite and demonstrate their use as hybrid supercapacitor, which is consist of an LTO negative electrode and activate carbon (AC) positive electrode. The LTO-RGO composites were synthesized using a simple, one-step process, in which lithium sources and titanium sources were dissolved in a graphene oxide (GO) suspension and then thermal treated in N₂. The lithium-ion battery with LTO-RGO composite anode electrode revealed higher discharge capacity (167 mAh g^?1 at 0.2 C) and better capacity retention (67%) than the one with pure LTO. Meanwhile, compared with the AC//LTO supercapacitor, the AC//LTO-RGO hybrid supercapacitor exhibits higher energy density and power density. Results show that the LTO-RGO composite is a very promising anode material for hybrid supercapacitor.     

基于漫反射光谱法下层组织信息的最佳探测位置的研究

由于人体组织结构的复杂性和个体差异性,采用光谱分析技术实现组织内部信息的检测方法中,仍存在着检测位置不明确的问题。采用多位置空间分辨漫反射光谱法对脂肪肌肉组织中内部信息的最佳探测位置进行了研究。由于目标组织为肌肉组织,为了消除由于不同人体皮下脂肪层厚度的差异以及目标层中多次后向散射光对测量结果引起的较大误差,并根据光在复杂生物组织中的传输模型,通过增加约束条件——两条理想的“香蕉型”路径—来定义有效光子比SNR,并以SNR作为评价最佳探测位置SDS_best的标准,对优化后的Monte Carlo仿真结果进行统计分析,分别研究了脂肪层厚度h_f、脂肪层吸收系数μ_af和肌肉层吸收系数μ_am与光源探测器间距SDS之间的关系,并以h_f为自变量与SDS_best建立线性回归模型。研究表明,(1)当0<h_f<0.6 cm时,μ_af和μ_am对SDS_best几乎没有影响,而h_f与SDS_best的建模相关系数R2为0.991 8;(2)任取脂肪层厚度值0.12与0.22 cm作预测,得到预测误差分别为0.030 14和0.020 16,预测误差均能控制在5%以内。该方法能更方便、快速地为测量组织内部信息确定最佳检测位置,并有效削弱浅表组织以及目标层中多次背向散射光的干扰。     

基于FTIR技术的酸牛奶营养成分快速检测方法研究

酸牛奶作为一种重要的发酵乳制品,伴随着发酵过程,其各种营养成分时刻发生着复杂的变化,因此,建立酸牛奶的快速高效检测技术可以实现对生产过程的实时监控,这也是食品安全监管要达到的重要目标。傅里叶变换红外光谱技术(FTIR)因其快速、高通量、无化学污染、可对掺假成分予以分辨等特点被广泛应用于食品安全领域。以FTIR技术为核心,利用氟化钙薄膜法,将酸牛奶FTIR光谱图与其营养成分(能量值,蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物和钠含量)对照,建立了基于最小二乘法(PLS)的定量化预测模型。结果表明,该模型样品校正集的能量值,蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物和钠含量的交叉检验R2值分别达到0.938 9,0.926 6,0.918 6,0.941 8和0.977 1;该模型用于预测,其样品验证集的交叉检验R2值分别为0.920 5,0.905 3,0.908 5,0.939 3和0.936 4。由此可见,该模型对酸牛奶各营养指标均具有较好的预测准确性,在时间上具备较好的稳定性。不同于传统的化学检测方法,本研究为实现对酸牛奶品质的快速检测提供了一种较为可行的方法。该方法作为乳制品质量监控技术的一项初步探索,具有较好的应用前景。     

Swelling Properties and Environmental Responsiveness of Superabsorbent Composite Based on Starch-G-Poly Acrylic Acid/Organo-Zeolite

Star-g-poly (acrylic acid)/organo-zeolite 4A (S-g-PAA/OZ) superabsorbent composite was prepared by grafting partially neutralized acrylic acid onto starch in the presence of organo-zeolite 4A (OZ) as an inorganic component. The morphology was characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) analysis revealed the fine distribution of OZ in superabsorbent composite. The swelling kinetics of the composites were characterized by means of a Schott's second-order model. The effect of OZ concentration in the composite on the water absorbency and swelling behavior were tested. The swelling properties of the composites were evaluated in various environments; pH, salinity, temperature, urea solution, and solvent-water mixtures. The activation energy (ΔE) for water during the swelling process was also determined through Arrhenius plots. The results showed that the proper amount of OZ was beneficial for improvement of the water absorbent capacity and the initial swelling rate in distilled water. The optimum prepared composite with 10 wt % OZ, possessed the maximum water absorption (511g/g) in distilled water and (521 g/g) in 0.1 wt % urea solution. The results inferred that S-g-PAA/OZ superabsorbent composite can be exploited for agriculture and medical applications.     

关联染料敏化太阳能电池薄膜厚度与光伏性能的漂移-扩散数值模拟

建立漂移-扩散模型来模拟敏化电池的电荷分离过程.该模型能够计算在稳态和非稳态条件下光生电子的多步受限扩散及其与电子受体的复合反应.通过对电池的电流-电压曲线的数值模拟,优化了电池的薄膜厚度并获得了最大的光电转换效率.发现膜厚的增加降低了电荷收集效率,但有利于提高电子注入流率,光电流的输出正是受控于这两个因素.复合速率常数严重影响了膜厚优化的结果.较厚的薄膜适合于电子复合被充分抑制的电池,而较薄的薄膜有利于降低快复合电池的电子复合损失.在开路条件下,膜厚的提高会减小电子浓度,在造成光电压的降低的同时会提高电子寿命.     

三维金属有机骨架/石墨烯水凝胶均相降解纤维素为小分子酸的研究

通过在三维还原氧化石墨烯孔径中原位生长ZIF-8纳米粒子,制备了三维金属有机骨架/石墨烯催化剂.这种ZIF-8/rGO纳米复合材料同时具有介孔和微孔,并且拥有高比表面积和大量催化位点,是生物质转化的理想催化剂.将纤维素溶解于氢氧化钠水溶液中,在水热条件下,使用这种催化剂,纤维素可以被充分降解转化.纤维素转化率可以达到100%,其主要产物是甲酸,产率最高可达93.66%.催化剂还可以被回收,重复使用依然具有很好的催化效果.