加速溶剂萃取/液相色谱-串联质谱测定底泥中氯硝柳胺及其降解产物

建立了加速溶剂萃取/液相色谱-串联质谱分析底泥中氯硝柳胺及其降解产物(5-氯水杨酸和2-氯-4-硝基苯胺)的方法。以中性氧化铝作为池内吸附材料,集提取和净化于一步,乙腈-水(3∶1,体积比)作为萃取溶剂,优化了温度和静态萃取时间等参数。在优化条件下,氯硝及其降解产物在0.1~20.0μg/L范围内有良好线性关系,相关系数(r)均大于0.999。方法的检出限和定量下限分别为0.04~0.1μg/kg和0.2~0.5μg/kg。用于底泥中氯硝柳胺及其降解产物的分析,在0.5、1.0、2.0μg/kg加标水平下,平均加标回收率为93.5%~101.9%,相对标准偏差为3.7%~6.7%。该方法简便,灵敏度高,重现性好,可应用于实际样品分析。     

基于氢键作用的金纳米粒子比色法检测尿酸

尿酸含量高可使人产生痛风等疾病,尿酸的测定是临床检测重要的生化指标之一。金纳米粒子比色法检测尿酸实验联系实际生活,将科研前沿和教学内容有机结合起来,可以激发学生的学习兴趣,加深学生对经典理论的理解,增加学生对科研前沿的了解。本实验利用金纳米粒子吸光系数高的特点,通过尿酸与三聚氰胺反应后,抑制三聚氰胺诱导的金纳米粒子聚集,从而达到检测尿酸的目的。随着溶液中尿酸浓度的增加,溶液颜色由蓝变红,差别明显,视觉效果好,容易分辨。     

埋光纤光栅传感器智能土木结构应变监测

采取与土木工程施工特点相适应的操作工艺与保护方法，将光纤Bragg光栅传感器埋入钢筋混凝土结构中，分别在实验室和实际工程施工现场对混凝土内部的应变进行了测量。实验中光纤Bragg光栅传感性能良好，能够监测混凝土内部应变状态，显示出成活率高、绝对值测量、寿命长等优势，为建立基于光纤传感器的结构健康监测系统奠定了基础。     

Highly Rechargeable Lithium-CO2 Batteries with a Boron- and Nitrogen-Codoped Holey-Graphene Cathode

Metal-air batteries, especially Li-air batteries, have attracted significant research attention in the past decade. However, the electrochemical reactions between CO₂ (0.04 % in ambient air) with Li anode may lead to the irreversible formation of insulating Li₂CO₃, making the battery less rechargeable. To make the Li-CO₂ batteries usable under ambient conditions, it is critical to develop highly efficient catalysts for the CO₂ reduction and evolution reactions and investigate the electrochemical behavior of Li-CO₂ batteries. Here, we demonstrate a rechargeable Li-CO₂ battery with a high reversibility by using B,N-codoped holey graphene as a highly efficient catalyst for CO₂ reduction and evolution reactions. Benefiting from the unique porous holey nanostructure and high catalytic activity of the cathode, the as-prepared Li-CO₂ batteries exhibit high reversibility, low polarization, excellent rate performance, and superior long-term cycling stability over 200 cycles at a high current density of 1.0 A g⁻¹. Our results open up new possibilities for the development of long-term Li-air batteries reusable under ambient conditions, and the utilization and storage of CO₂.     

光纤模斑谱传感器复合材料固化监测研究

提出利用一种新型光纤传感器，通过测量光纤末端近场模斑谱反映光纤埋置周围树脂折射率的变化．计算了随着树脂固化过程中折射率变化的功率谱密度分布，给出截止频率与折射率的近似关系．给出了利用这种传感器进行复合材料树脂固化监测的实验结果．发现这种光纤传感器的信号可以用来反映固化凝胶点和固化结束点．由于固化后光纤仍保持光波导特性，该光纤还可以用来监测结构受环境的扰动如温度变化、振动等．     

Chitosan-poly(m-phenylenediamine)@Fe3O4 nanocomposite for magnetic solid-phase extraction of polychlorinated biphenyls from water samples

A extraction medium based on chitosan-poly(m-phenylenediamine) (CS-PPD) @Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite was synthesized by chemical polymerization of m-phenylenediamine in the presence of chitosan coated magnetic nanocomposite, and for the first time, used as the sorbent for the magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) of seven polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB28, PCB52, PCB101, PCB118, PCB138, PCB153, and PCB180) at trace levels in water samples. Gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was used for PCBs quantification and detection. Several factors related to MSPE efficiencies, such as type and amount of sorbent, extraction time, sample pH, and desorption conditions were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, an excellent linearity was observed in the range of 1.0–200 ng L^–1 for PCB180, 0.5–200 ng L^–1 for the other six PCBs with the correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9954 to 0.9993. The good recoveries at spiked levels of 10.0, 20.0, and 50.0 ng L^–1 were obtained in the range of 94 %–108 %, and the coefficients of variations were less than 6 %. The proposed method was feasible, rapid, and easy to operate for the trace analysis of the PCBs in local aquaculture water, livestock breeding water, and sewage water samples. Graphical Abstract

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram for the preparation of chitosan–poly(m-phenylenediamine) @Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite.     

Sell or Hold: A simple two-stage stochastic combinatorial optimization problem

The sell or hold problem (SHP) is to sell k out of n indivisible assets over two stages, with known first-stage prices and random second-stage prices, to maximize the total expected revenue. We show that SHP is NP-hard when the second-stage prices are realized as a finite set of scenarios. We show that SHP is polynomially solvable when the number of scenarios in the second stage is constant. A max{1/2,k/n}-approximation algorithm is presented for the scenario-based SHP.     

复合材料层板基于剩余刚度比的剩余强度模型

本文从唯裂 学的观点提出了一个复合材料疲劳剩余刚度衰退模型,根据该模型导出了基于疲劳乘余刚度比的复合材料层合板疲劳剩余强度概率分布模型,给出了确定该模型中各参数的计算方法,根据该模型可预报复合材料层合板在某一应力水平的疲劳载荷作用下疲劳剩余刚度比为某一确定值时的疲劳剩余强度概率分布。为验证该模型的合理性,用典型复合材料层合板做了几组疲劳实验,并用实验数据对模型中的参数进行了估计,计算结果证明,该模型预报的疲劳剩余强度概率理论分布与实验结果符合较好。     

Specific recognition of ribavirin in animal‐derived foods by high performance liquid chromatography combined with magnetic solid‐phase extraction based on highly selective Zr‐Fe3O4

For the first time, a magnetic solid‐phase extraction with high‐performance liquid chromatography detection method using Zr functionalized Fe₃O₄ magnetic material to enrich ribavirin was successfully established. Zr components that modified in Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles via a simple one‐step hydrothermal method was selected in this work to specifically capture ribavirin by the strong chemical bonding between Zr components of Zr functionalized Fe₃O₄ magnetic material and cis‐hydroxyl of ribavirin, which was confirmed by pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model. And Fe₃O₄ components were selected in this work to achieve simple operation. Under the optimal experimental conditions, proposed magnetic solid‐phase extraction with high‐performance liquid chromatography detection method along with Zr functionalized Fe₃O₄ magnetic material offered a wide range linearity at 10–200 µg/L with correlation coefficient of 0.9978 with low detection limit of 2.68 µg/L for ribavirin. The relative standard deviations obtained from nine parallel extractions of 100 µg/L ribavirin were 4.41% and revealed good repeatability. This established method was successfully applied to detect real samples including chicken liver, egg, and shrimp with satisfactory recoveries of 74.13–92.9%.     

g-C3N4光催化材料的第一性原理研究

能源短缺和环境恶化是人类社会快速发展面临的重大难题。太阳能作为一种清洁无污染的理想新型能源,具有取之不尽、用之不竭的特点,是实现可持续发展的最佳能源选择。半导体光催化可以直接利用太阳光进行催化反应,得到了广泛关注。作为一种低成本无金属光催化剂,g-C₃N₄具有独特的电子能带结构、优良的化学稳定性和热力学稳定性,在光催化领域如分解水制氢制氧、降解有机污染物、CO₂还原、抗菌和有机官能团选择性转换等方面表现出巨大的应用前景。目前g-C₃N₄光催化剂存在着如比表面积小、可见光利用率低、量子产率低和光生载流子易复合等问题,制约了其在光催化领域的应用。因此,提升g-C₃N₄光催化性能是光催化研究领域的重要课题。第一性原理具有半经验方法不可比拟的优势,已成为光催化研究领域计算和模拟的重要基础。基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理在光催化领域的广泛应用,为有效迅速地探求能够改善g-C₃N₄光催化性能的方法提供了明确的研究手段。本文从理论计算的角度综述了近年来在g-C₃N₄改性方面所取得的一些重要研究进展,主要包括元素掺杂、复合和形貌调控等改性手段。本文以g-C₃N₄改性光催化剂为研究对象,从电子性质、能带结构、光学性质和缺陷形成能的角度阐述了各种改性手段提高光催化活性的微观机理。最后,在总结前文所述各类改性研究的基础上,对g-C₃N₄改性光催化剂未来的发展趋势作出了展望。