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31.
Application of ionic liquids to the electrodeposition of metals 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The electrodeposition of most of technologically important metals has been shown to be possible from a wide range of room temperature molten salts, more commonly known today as 'ionic liquids'. These liquids are currently under intense scrutiny for a wide variety of applications some of which have already been commercialized. Despite the fact that electrodeposition was the first application studied in these liquids no metal deposition processes have as yet been developed to an industrial scale. This review addresses the practical and theoretical aspects that need to be considered when choosing ionic liquids for metal deposition. It details the current understanding of the physical and chemical properties of these interesting fluids and highlights the areas that need to be considered to develop practical electroplating systems. The effect of composition and temperature on viscosity and conductivity are discussed together with the fundamental approaches required to synthesise new liquids. 相似文献
32.
Thomas P.E.Auf Der Heyde Craig S. Green Derek E. Needham David A. Thornton Gareth M. Watkins 《Journal of Molecular Structure》1981
The infrared spectra of the complexes [M(pyO)(H2O)Cl2] (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu; pyO = pyridine N-oxide) have been determined. Assignments of ν M-Opy, νM-OH2 and ν M-Cl are made by observing the effects of deuterating the coordinated pyO and H2O and replacing chloride by bromide in the Mn(II) complex. Assignments of metal—ligand modes in the mixed ligand complexes [M(pyO)(dmso)X2] (dmso = dimethylsulphoxide) are made by comparison with the spectra of (ML2X2] (L = pyO, dmso) and by observing the effects of deuteration of pyO and dmso. Structural aspects of the spectra are discussed. 相似文献
33.
Ta(NMe(2))(4)[N(SiMe(3))(2)] (1) undergoes the elimination of Me(3)Si-NMe(2) (2), converting the -N(SiMe(3))(2) ligand to the ═NSiMe(3) ligand, to give the imide "Ta(NMe(2))(3)(═NSiMe(3))" (3) observed as its dimer 4. CyN═C═NCy captures 3 to yield guanidinates Ta(NMe(2))(3-n)(═NSiMe(3))[CyNC(NMe(2))NCy](n) [n = 1 (5), 2 (6)]. The kinetic study of α-SiMe(3) abstraction in 1 gives ΔH(?) = 21.3(1.0) kcal/mol and ΔS(?) = -17(2) eu. 相似文献
34.
The reaction of Ni(COD)(2) with two equivalents of the TEMPO radical at 68 °C affords the 16 e(-) "bow-tie" complex Ni(η(2)-TEMPO)(2), 1, in 78% yield. Compound 1 reacts with tert-butyl isocyanide and phenylacetylene at room temperature to yield the 16 e(-) distorted square planar nickel complexes Ni(η(2)-TEMPO)(η(1)-TEMPO)(CN(t)Bu), 2, and Ni(η(2)-TEMPO)(η(1)-TEMPOH)(CCPh), 4, respectively. The facile reactivity of 1 is aided by the transition of the TEMPO ligand from an η(2) to η(1) binding mode. Complex 4 is an unusual example of hydrogen atom transfer from phenylacetylene to a coordinated TEMPO ligand. 相似文献
35.
Ralph C. Dougherty Derek Horton Kerstin D. Philips Joseph D. Wander 《Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS》1973,7(7):805-816
2-Acetamido-1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranose (I), and its analogs specifically mono (trideuterioacetylated) at O-1 (III), at N-2 (II), at O-4 (IV) and at O-6 (V), have been examined by high-resolution mass spectrometry. From the elemental compositions of the fragment ions, the mass-number shifts resulting from deuterium incorporation and analysis of metastable transitions, it has been possible to specify in detail the fragmentation pathways undergone by this molecule. The principal degradations of I proceed by initial rapid decomposition of the molecular ion (whose intensity is insignificant) by three routes: (i) by loss of the C-1 acetoxyl group as a radical to give the glycosyl cation (a), (ii) by loss of the 1-acetyl group as a radical to give an acyclic ion m/e 346 (b) and (iii) by loss of a C-6 fragment and acetic acid derived from the 3-acetate group to give m/e 241 (c). 相似文献
36.
Derek Redmore Balram Dhawan 《Phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon and the related elements》2013,188(3):233-238
Abstract Reaction of ethylenediamine with phosphorous acid and formaldehyde in molar ratio 1:2:2 gives [[(2-aminoethyl)imino]bis(methylene)]bisphosphonic acid (2a) as the major product. Similarly, reaction of hexamethylenediamine with phosphorous acid and formaldehyde in molar ratio 1:2:2 yields [[(6-aminohexyl)imino]bis(methylene)]bisphosphonic acid (2b) which is isolated either as [[(6-carbobenzoxyaminohexyl)imino]bis](methylene)]bisphosphonic acid (3b) or as [[6-(N-benzoylamino)hexyl)imino]bis(methylene)]bisphosphonic acid (4b). Removal of the carbobenzoxy group with HBr from 3b or the benzoyl group with HCl from 4b gives pure [[(6-aminohexyl)imino]bis(methylene)]bisphosphonic acid (2b). All compounds were characterized by 13C NMR, 31P NMR and elemental analysis. 相似文献
37.
Clark SM Leaist DG Konermann L 《Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM》2002,16(15):1454-1462
This work describes a novel approach for monitoring analyte diffusion in solution that is based on electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). A mass spectrometer at the end of a laminar flow tube is used to measure the Taylor dispersion of an initially sharp boundary between two solutions of different analyte concentration. This boundary is dispersed by the laminar flow profile in the tube. However, this effect is diminished by analyte diffusion that continuously changes the radial position, and hence the flow velocity of individual analyte molecules. The steepness of the resulting dispersion profile therefore increases with increasing diffusion coefficient of the analyte. A theoretical framework is developed to adapt the equations governing the dispersion process to the case of mass spectrometric detection. This novel technique is applied to determine the diffusion coefficients of choline and cytochrome c. The measured diffusion coefficients, (11.9 +/- 1.0) x 10(-10) m(2) s(-1) and (1.35 +/- 0.08) x 10(-10) m(2) s(-1), respectively, are in agreement with the results of control experiments where the Taylor dispersion of these two analytes was monitored optically. Due to the inherent selectivity and sensitivity of ESI-MS, it appears that the approach described in this work could become a valuable alternative to existing methods for studying diffusion processes, especially for experiments on multicomponent systems. 相似文献
38.
Aubert B Boutigny D Gaillard JM Hicheur A Karyotakis Y Lees JP Robbe P Tisserand V Palano A Chen GP Chen JC Qi ND Rong G Wang P Zhu YS Eigen G Reinertsen PL Stugu B Abbott B Abrams GS Borgland AW Breon AB Brown DN Button-Shafer J Cahn RN Clark AR Gill MS Gritsan AV Groysman Y Jacobsen RG Kadel RW Kadyk J Kerth LT Kluth S Kolomensky YG Kral JF LeClerc C Levi ME Liu T Lynch G Meyer AB Momayezi M Oddone PJ Perazzo A Pripstein M Roe NA Romosan A Ronan MT Shelkov VG Telnov AV Wenzel WA Zisman MS 《Physical review letters》2002,88(10):101805
The branching fractions of the exclusive decays B0-->K(*0)gamma and B+-->K(*+)gamma are measured from a sample of (22.74+/-0.36)x10(6) BB decays collected with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II asymmetric e(+)e(-) collider. We find B (B0-->K(*0)gamma) = [4.23+/-0.40(stat)+/-0.22(syst)]x10(-5), B(B+-->K(*+)gamma) = [3.83+/-0.62(stat)+/-0.22(syst)]x10(-5) and constrain the CP-violating charge asymmetry to be -0.170K(*)gamma)<0.082 at 90% C.L. 相似文献
39.
T-ray computed tomography 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
We demonstrate a tomographic imaging modality that uses pulsed terahertz (THz) radiation to probe the optical properties of three-dimensional (3D) structures in the far-infrared. This THz-wave computed tomography (T-ray CT) system provides sectional images of objects in a manner analogous to conventional CT techniques such as x-ray CT. The transmitted amplitude and phase of broadband pulses of THz radiation are measured at multiple projection angles. The filtered backprojection algorithm is then used to reconstruct the target object, including both its 3D structure and its frequency-dependent far-infrared optical properties. 相似文献
40.
The usual superspace approach to supersymmetric gauge theories suffers from problems with infrared divergences which greatly complicate multiloop calculations. We eliminate these divergences by introducing a non-local gauge-fixing term. In the background field method this term leads to unusual quantum-background interactions. Functional methods are presented for dealing with these interactions. As an example we compute the two-loop Yang-Mills β-function using the background field method in superspace. We also show how a non-local gauge can be used in ordinary, non-supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory. 相似文献