Liquid chromatography ion trap mass spectrometric analysis of oligosaccharides using permethylated derivatives

Reversed phase liquid chromatography was combined with the multiple stage mass analysis capability of an ion trap mass spectrometer for the characterization of permethylated oligosaccharide mixtures. The new method was used to separate the components of an unlabeled permethylated maltooligomer ladder, a 2-aminobenzamide-labeled (2-AB) maltooligomer ladder, a complex mixture of 2AB-labeled bi- (B), tri- (T), and tetraantennary (Q) standards, and a mixture of recombinant glycoprotein carbohydrates from soluble CD4 with varying sialic acid (S) content. Using reversed phase HPLC, permethylated mixture components including alpha and beta anomers were separated based on their structures. Fluorescent labeling with 2-aminobenzamide prior to permethylation was employed for off-line method development, but was not necessarily required for mass spectral analysis, as permethylation alone improved the ionization and fragmentation characteristics of the molecules. Antennae composition of permethylated derivatives was determined in MS(2) where the fragmentation patterns of the Y- and B-ion series predominated, and then further evaluated in MS(3), which provided additional information on branching obtained from A and X cross-ring fragmentation.     

Determination of36Cl and12C-to-14C ratios on spent moderator ion-exchange resins from Bruce Nuclear Generating Station A

Accumulation of spent ion-exchange resins occurs during the normal operation of nuclear reactors. The development of procedures for the permanent disposal of waste resins requires detailed information on their radiochemical inventories, particularly for long-lived and potentially mobile radionuclides such as³⁶Cl and¹⁴C. Methods are described for the analysis of³⁶Cl and¹²C-to-¹⁴C ratios of strippable carbon on ion-exchange resins from CANDU Moderator Purification Systems. The results are presented for four moderator resins (B3M1, B1M2, B2M3 and B2M4) from Bruce Nuclear Generating Station A. Chlorine-36 activities were found to be comparable to those reported in the literature for Swiss pressurized-water and boiling-water reactors and ranged from 1.1 Bq ml^–1 to 3.9 Bq ml^–1 for the four resins. The¹²C-to-¹⁴C ratios were measured to be 1801 and 8501 for two of the resins. These values were of the same magnitude as those reported by Ontario Hydro for moderator resins.Issued as CANDU Owners Group Report No. COG-94-553.     

A positron annihilation study of carbon black and carbon-black-filled polybutadiene

Studies have been made on positron lifetimes in carbon blacks and carbon black filled polybutadiene. The results for the carbon blacks can be interpreted with the aid of the theoretical results of Brandt and Paulin: Phys. Rev. B5, 2430 (1972) and show that while positron annihilation occurs principally from a bound state, diffusion in the carbon black is extremely small. A numerical upper limit on the diffusion coefficient has been obtained. The data from the rubber is discussed with the aid of a specially developed extension of the previous theory. Here one finds that whereas the variations in the long-component intensity with carbon black loading can be very satisfactorily explained, there is again no evidence for any diffusion effects in the rubber, and an upper limit can be placed on the diffusion coefficient here also. Indeed the variation in the long-component intensity with particle size goes the opposite way to what one would expect if diffusion were dominant. This effect is attributed to the increase in the amount of bound rubber as the particle size is reduced, and the consequent increase in the number of annihilation sites.     

Liquid-like Raman scattering by superionic materials

The Raman spectrum of a superionic conductor, α-AgI, is compared with the spectra of the melt of AgC$\text{l}$ and AgBr, in order to determine the responsible Raman processes. We conclude that because of the strong anharmonicity and high translational disorder in superionic conductors, spectra analyses based on the concept of harmonic lattice are unsuitable. A dynamical picture of ions similar to that of liquids appears to be more useful than the phonon concepts.     

Static roll stiffness characteristics of two multicell type air cushion systems

Although there is growing interest in the use of flexible skirted air cushions for various off-road and other over-land transportation tasks, relatively little data on their suspension properties are available in the open literature. This paper presents the results of some experimental studies of the static roll stiffness of two resistance orifice-fed multicellular cushion designs. The conditions for scaling the tests to full-size behaviour are discussed. A simple theory, based on the assumptions that the skirt material is an inelastic membrane and that the cushion air flow can be described by one-dimensional orifice flow laws, is developed for one of the cushion systems.Good agreement between theory and experiment is obtained under certain restricted conditions, but in general the experimental results show that the skirt material properties can play an important role. This manifests itself in two ways: as a potential scaling problem, and the appearance of hysteresis in the rolling moment produced by the cushion. The latter can, under certain circumstances, be so large as to completely destroy its stiffness when rolled. At least two hysteresis mechanisms are indicated, and one has been observed. This is a buckling failure of the cells leading to large-scale venting and consequent loss of pressure. A detailed explanation of the other mechanism has not been obtained, but it is noted that skirt-ground friction does not appear to be important. It is concluded that a careful study of the structural properties of air-inflated cones is required. In particular, buckling phenomena need clarification.     

Semiclassical elementary particle models

Some simple models of elementary particles are discussed; they may be described as semiclassical, quark, shell models. Particles are assumed to be composed of spherical concentric charged shells. Three basic types of shell are allowed, quantum numbers are associated with each type such as to establish a quantum number correspondence between the shell types and the (p, n, ) quarks. Particles are identified through the quantum numbers of their constituent shells (quarks).The basic assumptions underlying the models considered are relationships between the electromagnetic energy associated with elementary particles (quark systems) and particle masses. The electromagnetic energy is represented classically; the models are semiclassical in that the shell radii are related to particle Compton wavelengths.Particle mass and magnetic moment formulas are derived, possible values for quark masses are suggested, and possible connections of the models considered with particle symmetry schemes are discussed.