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71.
This report describes development of an in silico, expert rule-based method for the classification of chemicals into irritants or non-irritants to eye, as defined by the Draize test. This method was developed to screen data-poor cosmetic ingredient chemicals for eye irritancy potential, which is based upon exclusion rules of five physicochemical properties – molecular weight (MW), hydrophobicity (log P), number of hydrogen bond donors (HBD), number of hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA) and polarizability (Pol). These rules were developed using the ADMET Predictor software and a dataset of 917 eye irritant chemicals. The dataset was divided into 826 (90%) chemicals used for training set and 91 (10%) chemicals used for external validation set (every 10th chemical sorted by molecular weight). The sensitivity of these rules for the training and validation sets was 72.3% and 71.4%, respectively. These rules were also validated for their specificity using an external validation set of 2011 non-irritant chemicals to the eye. The specificity for this validation set was revealed as 77.3%. This method facilitates rapid screening and prioritization of data poor chemicals that are unlikely to be tested for eye irritancy in the Draize test. 相似文献
72.
Vikas Verma Kuldeep Singh Ashok Kumar Devinder Kumar 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2013,112(1):339-344
The use of unconventional synthesis methods in the formation of CaO·2Al2O3 (CA2) is justified because it reduces the formation temperature of the compound. CA2 is formed by classical method at temperatures above 1,400 °C. The polymeric precursor method allows a significant temperature decrease in CA2 synthesis reaching temperatures of 1,000 °C. This paper deals with CA2 synthesis by “citrate” method which is often presented as Pechini method, starting from a mixture of citric acid, ethylene glycol and calcium, and aluminum nitrates. A method based on the formation of a polymeric precursor was also used, starting from a mixture of acrylic acid and nitrates of calcium and aluminum. The results showed a net difference in favor of samples obtained from acrylic acid, which by annealing at 800 °C for 1 h, contain pure CA2. The samples obtained from citric acid, after annealing at 800 °C are amorphous. After annealing at 900 °C in all samples CA2 is single phase. 相似文献
73.
Navjeet Kaur Pooja Grewal Pranshu Bhardwaj Meenu Devi Neha Ahlawat Yamini Verma 《合成通讯》2013,43(22):3058-3100
The heterocyclic chemistry field has been revolutionized using transition metal catalyst in recent years. Various research groups have focused on the development of general protocols to achieve better functional group compatibilities and greater levels of molecular complexity under mild reaction conditions using easily available starting substrates. These methods afford many advantages as compared to alternative pathways involved in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. In this review article, we have concentrated on the synthesis of nitrogen-containing five-membered heterocylces in the presence of silver catalyst. 相似文献
74.
75.
A. K. Dinkar Suman Kumar Singh S. C. Tripathi P. M. Gandhi R. Verma A. V. R. Reddy 《Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry》2013,298(1):707-715
Present studies deal with supported liquid membrane (SLM) technique for the separation of thorium from hydrochloric acid (HCl) medium using Cyanex 923 as a carrier. Effects of feed acidity, strippant, and membrane pore size and membrane thickness on the transport of thorium have been studied in detail. The optimized parameters were applied for separation of thorium from a radioanalytical waste. Stability of the membrane and membrane support was investigated. Transport of thorium increased from 78.3 to about 93.7 % with increase in acidity from 0.5 to 2 M using 0.3 M Cyanex 923 in n-dodecane as carrier and 2 M ammonium carbonate as stripping phase. The transport of thorium decreased above 2 M HCl. An attempt was made to model the physicochemical transport of thorium in SLM and understand the mechanism of thorium transport. 相似文献
76.
77.
Jasneet Kaur N. S. Negi R. K. Kotnala Kuldeep Chand Verma 《Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology》2013,65(3):411-419
We have studied the effect of hydrothermal conditions at constant temperature of 180 °C, varying preparation time for 15, 30 and 45 h on nanostructures of diluted magnetic semiconductor Sn0.95Co0.05O2 (SC5). X-ray diffraction pattern confirm the tetragonal SnO2 rutile phase. The transmission and scanning electron microscopy shows the resulting nanostructures i.e. nanospheres and nanorods. The proposed reaction mechanism is given. The Raman spectra show the formation of tetragonal rutile structure of SC5 nanostructures. Fourier transform infrared spectrum has been used to verify the existence of Sn–O bond. The photoluminescence spectra show that the emission spectral intensity increases gradually with decreasing grains size, increasing hydrothermal heating time of SC5 samples and exhibits an intense blue luminescence centered at a wavelength of 531 nm. The optical absorbance measurements revealed that the nanometric size of the materials influences the energy band gap. All the prepared SC5 samples exhibit room temperature ferromagnetism. 相似文献
78.
A tandem approach for the regio- and stereoselective synthesis of oxazolo-fused pyrroloquinolines 3a–l via the reaction of o-alkynylaldehydes 1a–i with chiral amino alcohols 2a–c under mild reaction conditions is described. The possible participation of the pyridine ring in the regioselective formation of 5-exo-dig cyclized products was supported by the controlled experiments. The structures and stereochemistry of the products were confirmed by NOESY and X-ray crystallographic studies. 相似文献
79.
An efficient, novel, and concise one pot regio- and chemoselective synthesis of benzo[a]phenazines (4) and naphtho[2,3-d]imidazoles (8) has been accomplished in excellent yields by nucleophilic substitution reaction of 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (1) with o-phenylenediamine (2) and benzamidines (7) respectively ‘in H2O’ using base and micelles (SDS) as catalyst. Analog reaction of 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (1) with 2-aminobenzenethiol (9) under identical conditions led to formation of a mixture of benzo[b]phenothiazine (10), benzo[a]phenothiazine (11), and benzo[a]-1,4-benzothiazino-3,2-phenothiazine (12) in 17%, 23%, and 57% yields, respectively. 相似文献
80.
Anik Goswami Gunjan Verma P. A. Hassan Vinod K. Aswal 《Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology》2014,35(12):1717-1726
The adsorption behavior of binary mixtures comprising nonionic surfactants at the air–water interface has been studied by bubble pressure tensiometry at concentrations above and below their critical micelle concentrations. Surfactants with the same hydrocarbon chains but different degree of ethoxylations were chosen as the components to understand their mixing behavior at equilibrium and dynamic conditions. At short times, the adsorption is found to be diffusion limited for individual components as well as for the mixtures, as predicted by the Ward and Tordai model. The effective diffusion coefficient of the monomers in the mixed state displays a dynamic synergism, consistent with the molecular thermodynamic model for dynamic surface tension. However, the equilibrium surface tension and micellar diffusion coefficient of the mixtures exhibit ideal behavior. 相似文献