Physico-chemical aspects of polyethylene processing in an open mixer. Part 21: Improved product yields on true bimolecular hydroperoxide decomposition

The product yields from the reaction between two hydroperoxide groups have been re-calculated. This is a consequence of the fact that β-scission of secondary alkoxy radicals cannot be neglected in the high temperature range of the polyethylene processing experiments (170-200 °C). It must be taken into account in addition to disproportionation/combination and hydrogen abstraction by alkoxy radicals. The increased complexity caused by the additional reaction results mainly from the larger number of caged radical pairs involved in the reactions and also in the calculations. Among other products it becomes possible to calculate the yields of aldehyde and vinyl groups that would not result from hydroperoxide decomposition in the absence of β-scission. The yields of the main oxidation products such as alcohols, ketones and trans-vinylene groups are reduced to some extent in comparison with the values calculated if β-scission is neglected. The vinyl group yield corresponds to slightly more than 10% of the yield of trans-vinylene groups in the temperature range of the experiments. The aldehyde yield is significantly larger than the vinyl group yield and is important in the whole temperature range examined. Main-chain scissions are important at the temperatures of the experiments. They become more important than the sum of the different combination reactions from a temperature of 200 °C on.     

Carbon-13 spin-lattice relaxation studies of the effect of water on ion-selective electrode membranes

(13)C spin-lattice relaxation studies on bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DOA) plasticized poly(vinylchloride) (PVC) membranes are reported for plasticization levels ranging from 25 to 100 wt% plasticizer. The interaction between DOA and PVC molecules in these membranes appears to involve an entrapment of the plasticizer molecule within the polymer matrix. This is based on the constancy of the characteristic segmental motions of the plasticizer chains throughout the concentration range studied. The segmental mobility of the plasticizer component is modified by water absorption in the membrane. The pattern of characteristic segmental motions of the plasticizer is altered, the effect depending on the amount of added salt in the membrane. The results show water has a weak influence on the microviscosity of the membrane matrix.     

High-performance size-exclusion chromatographic determination of the potency of biosynthetic human growth hormone products

A new high-performance size-exclusion chromatography method has been developed for the determination of potency of human growth hormone products. This method has been extensively validated and shown to correlate well with the hypophysectomized rat bioassay which has been used traditionally. The method is much more precise than the traditional bioassay and thus provides more reliable means of producing consistent biosynthetic human growth hormone batches.     

Mass spectrometry of π-complexes of transition metals. Communication 32. Derivatives of π-cyclopentadienyl-π-(3)-1,2-dicarbollyliron(III)

Conclusions The basic paths have been established in the fragmentation of derivatives of -cyclopentadienyl--(3)-1,2-dicarbollyliron(III) under electron impact: cleavage of the carbollyl-Fe bond, deep dehydrogenation, dehydration, and dehydrohalogenation. The carbollyl complexes are less stable to electron impact thatn are the ferrocene derivatives. In the molecular ions, the Cp-Fe bond is stronger than the carbollyl-Fe bond.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 10, pp. 2246–2251, October, 1984.     

Spectrophotometric determination of halogenated 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives

A spectrophotometric method is proposed for the determination of 8-hydroxyquinoline and three of its iodinated derivatives: 5-chloro-7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline (clioquinol), 5,7-di-iodo-8-hydroxy-quinoline (iodoquinol) and 8-hydroxy-7-iodo-quinolone-5-sulphonic acid (chinoform). The suggested method depends on the reaction with 4-aminoantipyrine in the presence of an alkaline oxidizing agent. A red antipyrine dye with an absorption peak at 500 nm is produced in all cases. The reacting ratio has been determined and a reaction mechanism is presented. The proposed method can be applied to the analysis of pharmaceutical preparations containing the compounds studied, and the results obtained compare favourably with those obtained with the standard methods.     

Angular distributions of photoelectrons in resonantly enhanced multiphoto ionization via the 7s[1 1/2]0 1 and 8s[1 1/2]0 1 states of Xe

Photoelectron angular distributions have been measured for the three-photon resonant one-photon ionization, (3+1), of Xe via the 7s[1 1/2]⁰ ₁ and 8s[1 1/2]⁰ ₁ states. The results are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions of Tang and Lambropoulos [13] for the 8s[1 1/2]⁰ ₁, but not for the 7s[1 1/2]⁰ ₁ state. Furthermore, the results are compared to those which have been obtained by Blazewicz et al. [1] for the three-photon resonant two-photon ionization, (3+2), of Xe via the 6s[1 1/2]⁰ ₁ state.     

Etude des dimensions moleculaires des polymeres dissous dans des melanges binaires de solvants polaires et non polaires—I. Polyvinyl-2 pyridine

We have studied the molecular dimensions of poly-2-vinylpyridine in solution in binary solvent mixtures consisting of a non polar and a polar component, viz. benzene-ethanol and benzene-chloroform. We have also studied the preferential solvation of the same polymer in the above mixtures using light scattering. We have observed a conformational transition of P2VP taking place in a composition region for each solvent mixture. This transition shows as a discontinuity in the unperturbed dimensions, in the long range interactions parameter and in the parameter of preferential solvation of the polymer. We think that this transition is related to the existence of two ordered structures of the polymer chain, one stable before and the other after the transition region.     

Substituted chromans and tetrahydrofuro[2,3-b]benzofurans (trapped tetrahedral intermediates) from 3-phenyl-2-benzofuranones

The previously discovered neighboring group reaction has been extended to the synthesis of chroman derivatives (i.e., 4, 5, 6) containing geminal methyls in the 2-position, a feature common to certain physiologically active natural chromans. In two instances, cyclic ortho ester by-products (8), not observed in previous work, were formed as a result of the intramolecular trapping of tetrahedral intermediates. Reasons for the incursion of this unexpected side reaction are discussed.     

On the magnetic properties and the phase composition of the Cr2O3?MnOx-system (2 ≥ x ≥ 1.5)

The mixed oxide system Cr₂O₃? MnO_x (2 ≥ x ≥ 1.5) was investigated by X-ray diffraction, by measurements of magnetic susceptibility, and by chemical determination of excess oxygen (BUNSEN'S method). The Presence of the antiferromagnetic oxides Cr₂O₃, β-MnO₂, α-Mn₂O₃ and a ferromagnetic phase Cr_1?yMn_yO₂ was stated. The formation of the latter with fourvalent chromium is explained by a lattice induction effect of the MnO₂ (rutile type).     

Frequency distribution of radiation emitted from excited atomic systems

General expressions for the time-dependent probability amplitudes of the quantum states of two arbitrary, interacting atoms are calculated when one atom is initially in an excited p state and the other atom is in an s ground state. The lifetimes of the excited states and the line shape of the emitted radiation are obtained as functions of both the atomic separation and the energy difference between the excited states of the two atoms. The emission line shape is shown to be doubly peaked and to agree with the line shape of the radiation scattered by a system of two interacting atoms. The expressions for the lifetimes of the excited states are found to be identical to those obtained for the radiation scattering situation.