Formation of functional groups on graphite during oxygen plasma treatment

Improved sample wettability was obtained by oxygen plasma functionalization of pyrolytic graphite. The samples were exposed to highly dissociated oxygen plasma with the density of 1 × 10¹⁶ m⁻³, the electron temperature of about 5.5 eV and the density of neutral oxygen atoms of 8 × 10²¹ m⁻³ for 20 s. The surface wettability was measured by a contact angle of water drop. The contact angle dropped from original 112° down to about 1°. The functional groups were detected by XPS analyses. The survey spectrum showed a substantial increase of oxygen concentration on the surface, while high-resolution analyses showed additional oxygen was bonded onto the graphite surface in the form of C-O polar functional group responsible for the increase of the surface energy.     

LD Pump Single-Longitudinal-Mode Nd：GdVO4/RTP Solid-State Green Laser

The single-longitudinal-mode Nd：GdVO4/RTiOPO4 （RTP） solid-state Green laser operation of a laser-diode （LD） end-pumped laser is realized by multi-cavities and a Brewster plate. The LD-pumped single-frequency green laser has been demonstrated by optimizing several parameters and a cavity length, with precise temperature controlling of Nd：GdV04, RTP and laser diode. When the incident pump power is 2 W at 808.4 nm, a single-frequency cw green laser at 532nm with output 210 m W is obtained, the optical-to-optical conversion efficiency is up to 10.5%.     

Students’ Reasoning About One-Object Stochastic Phenomena in an ICT-Environment

This paper focuses on the different ways in which students in lower secondary school (14–16 year olds) experience compound random events, presented to them in the form of combined junctions. A carefully designed ICT environment was developed enabling the students to interact with different representations of such structures. Data for the analysis was gathered from two interview sessions. The analysis of the interaction is based on constructivist principles on learning; i.e. we adopted a student-oriented perspective, taking into consideration the different ways students try to make sense of chance encounters. Our results show how some students give priority to geometrical and physical concerns, and we discuss how seeking causal explanations of random phenomena may have encouraged this. With respect to numerically oriented models a division strategy appears to stand out as the preferred one.     

Au-Zn,TiPdAu电极对InGaAsP/InP双异质结发光管可靠性影响的研究

本文用AES研究了P-InP/TiPdAu热处理前后的界面特性,结果表明:TiPd层对Au的内扩散和In的扩散有阻挡作用。以TiPdAu作InGaAsP/InP双异质结发光管的p面电极、镀Au作热沉,采用In焊料,研究了器件的可靠性问题,在室温大气气氛中;70℃存储,70～80℃带电老化,三种条件下长时间考核结果表明:器件的I-V特性正常,末见正向压降明显变化。还比较了Au-Zn材料作p面电极用TiPdAu作肖脱基势垒限制层制成的器件和用TiPdAu作电极材料制成的深Zn扩散型器件在老化过程中的特性变化,后二种结构的器件,在长期老化过程中,有源区中有大面积DSD生长和增殖。     

Multiple Polarization Encoding for Gray Image Encryption Based on Liquid Crystal Exclusive OR Logic

This work proposes and demonstrates the feasibility of gray image encryption using multiple polarization encoding, in which the cascaded twisted nematic liquid crystal devices sandwiched between a crossed polarizer pair are used to implement exclusive OR (XOR) logical encryption and decryption. The polarization encoding scheme provides a multichannel XOR logic operation to secure bit-plane images derived from a gray image, according to the adiabatic following properties of twisted nematic liquid crystal devices. Experimental data reveal that the multiple polarization encoding schemes for gray image encryption and decryption are performed with acceptable image quality by selecting appropriate polarization orientation and modulation conditions. Both analytic and experimental results are presented and discussed.     

On the genericity of chaos

Let M be a compact manifold with dimM?2. We prove that some iteration of the generic homeomorphism on M is semiconjugated to the shift map and has infinite topological entropy (Theorem 1.1).     

Estimates of covering numbers of convex sets with slowly decaying orthogonal subsets

Covering numbers of precompact symmetric convex subsets of Hilbert spaces are investigated. Lower bounds are derived for sets containing orthogonal subsets with norms of their elements converging to zero sufficiently slowly. When these sets are convex hulls of sets with power-type covering numbers, the bounds are tight. The arguments exploit properties of generalized Hadamard matrices. The results are illustrated by examples from machine learning, neurocomputing, and nonlinear approximation.     

Periodic solutions for a Lotka–Volterra mutualism system with several delays

In the present paper, a Lotka–Volterra type mutualism system with several delays is studied. Some new and interesting sufficient conditions are obtained for the global existence of positive periodic solutions of the mutualism system. Our method is based on Mawhin’s coincidence degree and novel estimation techniques for the a priori bounds of unknown solutions. Our results are different from the existing ones such as those in of Yang et al. [F. Yang, D. Jiang, A. Ying, Existence of positive solution of multidelays facultative mutualism system, J. Eng. Math. 3 (2002) 64–68] and Chen et al. [F. Chen, J. Shi, X. Chen, Periodicity in a Lotka–Volterra facultative mutualism system with several delays, J. Eng. Math. 21 (3) (2004) 403–409].     

Nonvanishing cohomology and classes of Gorenstein rings

We give counterexamples to the following conjecture of Auslander: given a finitely generated module M over an Artin algebra Λ, there exists a positive integer n_M such that for all finitely generated Λ-modules N, if Ext_Λⁱ(M,N)=0 for all i?0, then Ext_Λⁱ(M,N)=0 for all i?n_M. Some of our examples moreover yield homologically defined classes of commutative local rings strictly between the class of local complete intersections and the class of local Gorenstein rings.