Effects of Different Extraction Methods on Vanilla Aroma

To establish the analytic conditions for examining the aroma quality of vanilla pods, we compared different extraction methods and identified a suitable option. We utilized headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), steam distillation (SD), simultaneous steam distillation (SDE) and alcoholic extraction combined with gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify volatile components of vanilla pods. A total of 84 volatile compounds were identified in this experiment, of which SDE could identify the most volatile compounds, with a total of 51 species, followed by HS-SPME, with a total of 28 species. Ten volatile compounds were identified by extraction with a minimum of 35% alcohol. HS-SPME extraction provided the highest total aroma peak areas, and the peak areas of aldehydes, furans, alcohols, monoterpenes and phenols compounds were several times higher than those of the other extraction methods. The results showed that the two technologies, SDE and HS-SPME, could be used together to facilitate analysis of vanilla pod aroma.     

Palladium-catalyzed hydrosilylation of ynones to access silicon-stereogenic silylenones by stereospecific aromatic interaction-assisted Si–H activation

Hydrosilylation is one of the most important reactions in synthetic chemistry and ranks as a fundamental method to access organosilicon compounds in industrial and academic processes. However, the enantioselective construction of chiral-at-silicon compounds via catalytic asymmetric hydrosilylation remained limited and difficult. Here we report a highly enantioselective hydrosilylation of ynones, a type of carbonyl-activated alkynes, using a palladium catalyst with a chiral binaphthyl phosphoramidite ligand. The stereospecific hydrosilylation of ynones affords a series of silicon-stereogenic silylenones with up to 94% yield, 20:1 regioselectivity and 98:2 enantioselectivity. The density functional theory(DFT) calculations were conducted to elucidate the reaction mechanism and origin of high degree of stereoselectivity, in which the powerful potential of aromatic interaction in this reaction is highlighted by the multiple C–H-π interaction and aromatic cavity-oriented enantioselectivitydetermining step during desymmetric functionalization of Si–H bond.     

Joint Detection of Community and Structural Hole Spanner of Networks in Hyperbolic Space

Community detection and structural hole spanner (the node bridging different communities) identification, revealing the mesoscopic and microscopic structural properties of complex networks, have drawn much attention in recent years. As the determinant of mesoscopic structure, communities and structural hole spanners discover the clustering and hierarchy of networks, which has a key impact on transmission phenomena such as epidemic transmission, information diffusion, etc. However, most existing studies address the two tasks independently, which ignores the structural correlation between mesoscale and microscale and suffers from high computational costs. In this article, we propose an algorithm for simultaneously detecting communities and structural hole spanners via hyperbolic embedding (SDHE). Specifically, we first embed networks into a hyperbolic plane, in which, the angular distribution of the nodes reveals community structures of the embedded network. Then, we analyze the critical gap to detect communities and the angular region where structural hole spanners may exist. Finally, we identify structural hole spanners via two-step connectivity. Experimental results on synthetic networks and real networks demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm compared with several state-of-the-art methods.     

1,4-bis[2-(4-pyridyl)ethenyl]-benzene衍生物热致变色研究

本文制备了三种在1,4-bis[2-(4-pyridyl)ethenyl]-benzene(bp-eb)上接枝不同烷基链长度的热致变色材料DC8、DC12、DC16. 在365 nm激发光下,随着温度升高,它们呈现出荧光颜色的改变,这种改变来自于晶体态与无定形态之间的转变. 此外,DC16也呈现出光致变色的性质. 通过差示扫描量热法测试得到的相转变温度高于实验过程中荧光颜色改变时的温度. 因此,这种变色行为来自于光与热共同作用的结果. 乙醇可以使粉末变回起始的晶体状态,从而使荧光颜色恢复,实现热致变色行为的可逆. 本研究对理解热致变色分子的结构-性质关系,指导热致变色分子设计具有重要意义.     

基于高光谱成像技术的油菜叶片SPAD值检测

以油菜叶片为研究对象,利用高光谱成像技术,成功建立了叶绿素相对值SPAD值的预测模型。共采集了160个油菜叶片样本在380～1030 nm范围内的高光谱图像。选择500～900 nm之间的平均光谱作为油菜叶片样本的光谱。利用蒙特卡罗最小二乘法(monte carlo partial least squares, MC-PLS)剔除了13个异常样本,基于剩余的147个样本光谱数据与SPAD测量值进行分析,采用了不同的方法建立了多种预测模型,包括：全光谱的偏最小二乘法(partial least squares, PLS)模型,连续投影算法(successive projections algorithm, SPA)选择特征波长的PLS预测模型,“红边”位置(λ_red)的简单经验估测模型,三种植被指数R₇₁₀/R₇₆₀,(R₇₅₀-R₇₀₅)/(R₇₅₀-R₇₀₅)和R₈₆₀/(R₅₅₀*R₇₀₈)分别建立的简单经验估测模型,以及基于这三种植被指数的PLS预测模型。建模结果显示,全光谱的PLS模型预测效果最为精确,其预测相关系数r_p为0.833 9,预测均方根误差RMSEP为1.52。而使用SPA算法选出的8个特征波长所建立的PLS模型其预测结果可达到与全光谱的PLS模型非常接近的水平,而且在保证一定精度的条件下减少了大量运算,节省了运算时间,大幅提高了建模的速度。而基于红边位置和选择的三种植被指数而建立的简单经验估计模型其预测结果虽与基于全光谱的PLS预测模型有一定差距,但模型简单、运算量小,适合用于对精度要求不高的场合,对后续的便携仪器设备开发有一定的指导作用。     

高光谱成像技术的柑橘植株叶片含氮量预测模型

氮素是果树生长发育的一种大量必需元素,及时准确地监控果树的氮营养状况,对果树的合理施肥、增产、优化果实品质以及减缓过量施氮引起的水资源污染具有重要意义。利用高光谱成像技术结合多变量统计学方法,建立了柑橘植株叶片的含氮量预测模型。研究步骤为：高光谱扫描、提取平均光谱曲线、预处理原始光谱数据、采用连续投影法提取特征波段和建立含氮量预测模型。从SG平滑、SNV、MSC、1-Der等11种预处理方法中筛选出的较优预处理方法是SG平滑、Detrending和SG平滑-Detrending。对应这三种最优预处理方法,先采用连续投影法挑选出各自的特征波长,然后将各特征波段下的光谱反射率作为偏最小二乘、多元线性回归和反向传播人工神经网络模型的输入,各自建立三个预测模型。从以上获得的9个预测模型中,得出两个最优模型SG平滑-Detrending-SPA-BPNN(R_p：0.851 3,RMSEP：0.188 1)和Detrending-SPA-BPNN(R_p：0.8609,RMSEP：0.159 5)。结果表明,利用高光谱数据测定柑橘叶片含氮量具有可行性。这为实时、准确地监控柑橘植株生长过程中叶片含氮量的变化以及合理科学的氮肥施加提供了一定的理论基础。     

Propagation of phase-locked partially coherent flattened beam array in turbulent atmosphere

Analytical formulae for phase-locked partially coherent flattened beam array propagating in a turbulent atmosphere are derived based on the extended Huygens–Fresnel principle. Beam propagation factor (BPF) is introduced to evaluate the beam quality at the receiving plane. The influence of beam order, transverse coherence width length and the intensity of turbulence is discussed in detail.     

任意相位差条纹信号细分方法的研究

为消除传统细分方法中由于两路条纹信号不正交引入的细分误差，提出了一种可对任意相位差条纹信号直接细分的新方法。根据两路条纹信号的极性和幅值大小，把一个信号周期分成8个区段。高速采集两路条纹信号，通过判断信号采样点所处的区段是否跳变对信号幅值交点进行动态跟踪。对不足一个周期的条纹移动，当测量出起点与终点的幅值，计算出其所在的区段及位置后，结合两路信号的交点，可实现对任意相位差条纹信号的细分。实验结果表明，该方法突破了传统细分方法必须信号正交的限制，可对任意相位差信号进行准确地细分，降低了条纹测量中器件安装与调试的难度，具有更强的环境适应性和抗干扰能力。     

低温下Er3+/Yb3+共掺碲酸盐玻璃的发光特性研究

研究了在8—300K温度范围中, Er³⁺/Yb³⁺共掺碲酸盐玻璃的15μm荧光光谱、上转换光谱与温度的关系. Er³⁺:⁴I_13/2→⁴I_15/2跃迁发射光谱通过高斯拟合和简单的四能级系统估计了Er³⁺离子⁴I_13/2和⁴ 关键词： 碲酸盐玻璃 上转换发光 低温 荧光特性     

ON THE EXISTENCE AND UNIQUENESS OF THE SOLUTIONS OF STOCHASTIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH RESPECT TO SEMIMARTINGALES

Papers [1, 2] deal with the problem of the existence and uniqueness of the solutions of two different stochastic differential equations with respect to semimarting?ales. The equation discussed in this paper unifies the equations in papers [1, 2]. This paper gives us the sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of its solutions, so that the results in papers [1,2] can be obtained by theorem 1 and theorem 1; of this paper respectively.