All UK companies are required by company law to prepare financial statements that must comply with law and accounting standards. With the exception of very small companies, financial accounts must then be audited by UK registered auditors who must express an opinion on whether these statements are free from material misstatements, and have been prepared in accordance with legislation and relevant accounting standards (unqualified opinion) or not (qualified opinion). The objective of the present study is to explore the potentials of developing multicriteria decision aid models for reproducing, as accurately as possible, the auditors’ opinion on the financial statements of the firms. A sample of 625 company audited years with qualified statements and 625 ones with unqualified financial statements over the period 1998–2003 from 823 manufacturing private and public companies is being used in contrast to most of the previous works in the UK that have mainly focused on very small or very large public companies. Furthermore, the models are being developed and tested using the walk-forward approach as opposed to previous studies that employ simple holdout tests or resampling techniques. Discriminant analysis and logit analysis are also used for comparison purposes. The out-of-time and out-of-sample testing results indicate that the two multicriteria decision aid techniques achieve almost equal classification accuracies and are both more efficient than discriminant and logit analysis. 相似文献
Banking crises can be damaging for the economy, and as the recent experience has shown, nowadays they can spread rapidly across
the globe with contagious effects. Therefore, the assessment of the stability of a county’s banking sector is important for
regulators, depositors, investors and the general public. In the present study, we propose the development of classification
models that assign the banking sectors of various countries in three classes, labelled “low stability”, “medium stability”,
and “high stability”. The models are developed using three multicriteria decision aid techniques, which are well-suited to
ordinal classification problems. We use a sample of 114 banking sectors (i.e., countries), and a set of criteria that includes
indicators of the macroeconomic, institutional and regulatory environment, as well as basic characteristics of the banking
and financial sector. The models are developed and tested using a tenfold cross-validation approach and they are benchmarked
against models developed with discriminant analysis and logistic regression. 相似文献
The purpose of the present study is the development of classification models for the identification of acquirers and targets in the Asian banking sector. We use a sample of 52 targets and 47 acquirers that were involved in acquisitions in 9 Asian banking markets during 1998–2004 and match them by country and time with an equal number of non-involved banks. The models are developed and validated through a tenfold cross-validation approach using two multicriteria decision aid techniques. For comparison purposes we also develop models through discriminant analysis. The results indicate that the multicriteria decision aid models are more efficient that the ones developed through discriminant analysis. Furthermore, in all the cases the models are more efficient in distinguishing between acquirers and non-involved banks than between targets and non-involved banks. Finally, the models with a binary outcome achieve higher accuracies than the ones which simultaneously distinguish between acquirers, targets and non-involved banks. 相似文献
We introduce an application of the SMAA-Fuzzy-FlowSort approach to the case of modelling bank credit ratings. Its stochastic nature allows for imprecisions and uncertainty that naturally surround a decision-making exercise to be embedded into the proposed framework, whilst its output complements the ordinal nature of a crisp classification with cardinal information that shows the degree of membership to each rating category. Combined with the SMAA variant of GAIA that offers a visual of a bank’s judgmental analysis, both recent approaches provide a holistic multicriteria decision support tool in the hands of a credit analyst and enable a rich inferential procedure to be conducted. To illustrate the assets of this framework, we provide a case study evaluating the credit risk of 55 EU banks according to their financial fundamentals.
A major handicap towards the exploitation of radicals is their inherent instability. In the paramagnetic azafullerenyl radical C59N., the unpaired electron is strongly localized next to the nitrogen atom, which induces dimerization to diamagnetic bis(azafullerene), (C59N)2. Conventional stabilization by introducing steric hindrance around the radical is inapplicable here because of the concave fullerene geometry. Instead, we developed an innovative radical shielding approach based on supramolecular complexation, exploiting the protection offered by a [10]cycloparaphenylene ([10]CPP) nanobelt encircling the C59N. radical. Photoinduced radical generation is increased by a factor of 300. The EPR signal showing characteristic 14N hyperfine splitting of C59N.? [10]CPP was traced even after several weeks, which corresponds to a lifetime increase of >108. The proposed approach can be generalized by tuning the diameter of the employed nanobelts, opening new avenues for the design and exploitation of radical fullerenes. 相似文献
Single crystals of Ba, Sr M-type hexagonal ferrites were prepared by ion exchange in Ba, Sr containing molten salts from single crystals of β″ -ferrites. A fast diffusion of the divalent Ba2+, Sr2+ is observed leading to a non-stoichiometric M-type ferrite with chemical formula: Ba1+xFe10.5Co0.25O17+x (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.25). x depending on the exchange reaction time. Saturation magnetization ranges from 19 to 64 emu/g depending on exchange conditions. The Curie temperature is (470 ± 5)°C. An easy axis direction (Msc) has been determined in all cases. The observed anisotropy is considerably lower than that of M ferrite. The calculated anisotropy constants are, in 106 erg/cm3, K1 = 0.8 and K2 = 1.0 at room temperature. 相似文献
The cross sections for the reactions: (a) K+p → K+pπ+π?π+ and (b) K+p → K+π+π+π?n have been determined at 8.2 and 16 GeV/c with the following results:at 8.2 GeV/c: (a) 0.99 ± 0.07 mb, (b) 0.41 ± 0.04 mb;at 16 GeV/c: (a) 0.72 ± 0.05 mb, (b) 0.28 ± 0.05 mb.Using the available data at other energies, the cross-section dependence of these reactions on the incident momentum is discussed. 相似文献