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31.
M. Werner P. Brenner N. Goldowski R. Heinze M. Marder H. von der Heyden D. A. Strom B. M. Rybak M. M. Ognew A. Cousen G. Schikorr Z. Karpinski Ch. Dufraisse R. May K. Laurell und M. G. Ammon 《Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry》1938,115(7-8):283-289
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
32.
The historical Ehrenfest model dating back to 1907 describes the process of equilibration together with fluctuations around the thermal equilibrium. This approach represents a special case in the dynamics of N uncoupled two-state systems. In this article we present a generalization of the original model by introducing an additional parameter p which denotes the probability of a single state change. Analytical solutions for the probability distribution of the system's state as well as the fluctuation distribution are derived. Interestingly, close inspection of the fluctuation distribution reveals an intrinsic time scale. Sampling the system's state at much slower rates yields the familiar macroscopic exponential distribution for equilibrium processes. For faster measurements a power law extends roughly over log10 N orders of magnitude followed by an exponential tail. At some point, further increases of the sampling rate merely result in a shift of the fluctuation distribution towards higher values leaving plateau at small fluctuation sizes behind. Since the generic solution is rather unwieldy, we derive and discuss simple and intuitive analytical solutions in the limit of small p and large N. Furthermore, we relax the quantization of time by considering a complementary approach in continuous time. Finally we demonstrate that the fluctuation distributions resulting from the two different approaches bear identical characteristic features. 相似文献
33.
K. Vinay Kumar Reddy B. Sreenivasa Reddy M. Sreenath Reddy Ch. Gopal Reddy P. Yadagiri Reddy K. Rama Reddy 《Radiation measurements》2003,36(1-6):419-423
Studies conducted by Atomic Minerals Directorate of Exploration and Research (AMD) of Hyderabad, India had established the presence of higher concentrations of uranium in Lambapur and Peddagattu areas of Nalgonda district, AP, India and it was estimated that it could be a viable source for commercial extraction. The envisaged extraction process involves dispersion of radioactive particulate matter into atmosphere. Environmental radioactive studies in and around proposed mining areas at this point of time will be extremely useful for establishing base line data before a large scale uranium extraction process comes into existence. To this end, Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors were installed to evaluate indoor radon and thoron concentration levels in the dwellings of the area. The geometric means of radon and thoron concentration levels were found to be (7.1±0.2)×101 and (6.7±0.3)×101 Bq/m3, respectively. Simultaneously, natural background radiation measurements were also made and these levels are found to vary from 770 to 3995 μGy/y in the spatial distribution. 相似文献
34.
35.
A. Hotzel P. Thirolf Ch. Ender D. Schwalm M. Mutterer P. Singer M. Klemens J. P. Theobald M. Hesse F. Gönnenwein H. v. d. Ploeg 《Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei》1987,356(3):299-308
The γ-ray spectrum of 252Cf(sf) was measured in the Darmstadt-Heidelberg Crystal Ball spectrometer, with a double ionization chamber mounted inside to detect the fission fragments. The measurement was aimed at a better understanding of an unusual component found in the high-energy region between 3 and 8 MeV, with fragment mass splits near symmetry. This component was proved to be predominantly emitted by the heavier fragment, to reach its highest intensity at a fragment mass split of 132:120, and to have an almost isotropic angular distribution. Calculations with the statistical code CASCADE could reproduce the main features. 相似文献
36.
The solution of the problem of magnetic field penetration into a conducting unclosed ellipsoidal sheath in the presence of a conducting thick-walled spherical sheath is reduced to the solution of the integral Fredholm equation of the second kind. The effect of the apex angle of the unclosed ellipsoidal sheath, geometric parameters of the screens, and electrophysical properties of the spherical sheath material on the field attenuation coefficient inside the ellipsoidal sheath is studied numerically. 相似文献
37.
The photon polarization operator is computed in the presence of a constant external chromomagnetic field in nonrelativistic approximation. The found branching points of the polarization operator are compared with the minimal energy necessary for creation of scalar colored particles. The absence of confinement for such quarks in the field under consideration is noted.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 10, pp. 23–26, October, 1990. 相似文献
38.
Manfred Droste 《Order》1988,5(3):261-273
We show that any lattice-ordered group (l-group) G can be l-embedded into continuously many l-groups H
i
which are pairwise elementarily inequivalent both as groups and as lattices with constant e. Our groups H
i
can be distinguished by group-theoretical first-order properties which are induced by lattice-theoretically nice properties of their normal subgroup lattices. Moreover, they can be taken to be 2-transitive automorphism groups A(S
i
) of infinite linearly ordered sets (S
i
, ) such that each group A(S
i
) has only inner automorphisms. We also show that any countable l-group G can be l-embedded into a countable l-group H whose normal subgroup lattice is isomorphic to the lattice of all ideals of the countable dense Boolean algebra B. 相似文献
39.
F. Henneberger U. Woggon J. Puls Ch. Spiegelberg 《Applied physics. B, Lasers and optics》1988,46(1):19-25
We report on large optical nonlinearities due to specific many-body effects in high-density electron-hole pair systems. On bulk CdS we study the effect of free-carrier screening on the absorption and refraction in the vicinity of the band-gap at room temperature. Steady-state saturable absorption at mW-power levels and four-wave mixing with first-order efficiencies as large as 2% of the incoming light are demonstrated on a 1m slab. On CuBr microcrystallites embedded in glass we investigate the changes of the exciton absorption caused by many-exciton effects both at cryo and room temperature. In contrast to bulk semiconductors, we observe a blue shift of the exciton peak at resonant optical excitation. In addition, strong saturation of absorption with very large contrast shows up. We find Lorentzian saturation intensities in the 100 kW/cm2 range. 相似文献
40.
L. Adiels G. Backenstoss I. Bergström S. Carius S. Charalambous M. D. Cooper Ch. Findeisen D. Hatzifotiadou M. Hugi A. Kerek H. O. Meyer P. Pavlopoulos J. Repond L. Tauscher D. Troester M. C. S. Williams K. Zioutas 《Zeitschrift fur Physik C Particles and Fields》1989,42(1):49-58
The inclusive η-momentum spectrum from \(\bar p\) annihilations at rest in liquid hydrogen was measured at LEAR. Branching ratios were obtained for $$\begin{gathered} p\bar p \to \eta \omega \left( {1.04_{ - 0.10}^{ + 0.09} } \right)\% ,\eta \rho ^0 \left( {0.53_{ - 0.08}^{ + 0.20} } \right)\% , \hfill \\ \pi a_2 \left( {8.49_{ - 1.10}^{ + 1.05} } \right)\% ,\eta \pi ^0 \left( {1.33 \pm 0.27} \right) \times 10^{ - 4} , \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ , and ηη(8.1±3.1)×10?5. An upper limit for \(p\bar p \to \eta \eta '\) of 1.8×10?4 at 95% CL was found. The ratio of the branching ratios is BR(η?)/BR(ηω)=0.51 ?0.06 +0.20 . For the ratio of branching ratios into two pseudoscalar mesons, we have BR(ηπ0)/BR(π0π0)=0.65±0.14, BR(ηη)/BR(π0π0), BR(η η ′ )/BR(π0π0) at 95% CL, and BR(ηη)/BR(ηπ0). 相似文献