A short synthesis of the hydantoin-containing marine sponge metabolites axinohydantoins is described. A key feature of the synthesis is a putative biomimetic, intramolecular cyclization of alpha-functionalized imidazolone 5, which affords the tricyclic pyrroloazepinone framework comprising 6. In addition, the conversion of imidazolones to alpha,beta-unsaturated hydantoins is outlined and represents a new approach to these heterocyclic systems. 相似文献
Oxidative stress has shown to contribute in the mechanisms underlying apoptotic cell death occuring in AIDS-dementia complex. Here we investigated the role of peroxynitrite in apoptosis occurring in astroglial cells incubated with supernatants of HIV-infected human primary macrophages (M/M). 相似文献
Chemical evidence is given that the title photo-reactions proceed via hydrogen abstraction by the photo-excited base from the alcohol in neutral medium and via electron-transfer process between the photo-excited base and the alcohol in hydrochloric acid acidified medium. 相似文献
In this paper, the first, second and mean (N?O) bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) were derived from the standard (p° = 0.1 MPa) molar enthalpies of formation, in the gaseous phase, , at T = 298.15 K, of 2,2′-dipyridil N-oxide and 2,2′-dipyridil N,N′-dioxide. These values were calculated from experimental thermodynamic parameters, namely from the standard (p° = 0.1 MPa) molar enthalpies of formation, in the crystalline phase, , at T = 298.15 K, obtained from the standard molar enthalpies of combustion, , measured by static bomb combustion calorimetry, and from the standard molar enthalpies of sublimation, at T = 298.15 K, determined from Knudsen mass-loss effusion method. 相似文献
Heterogeneous catalysis, which has served well the petrochemical industry, may valuably contribute towards a bio-based economy by sustainably enabling selective reactions to renewable chemicals. Carbohydrate-containing matter may be obtained from various widespread sources and selectively converted to furanic platform chemicals: furfural (Fur) and 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (Hmf). Valuable bioproducts may be obtained from these aldehydes via catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) using alcohols as H-donors under relatively moderate reaction conditions. Hafnium-containing TUD-1 type catalysts were the first of ordered mesoporous silicates explored for the conversion of Fur and Hmf via CTH/alcohol strategies. The materials promoted CTH and acid reactions leading to the furanic ethers. The bioproducts spectrum was broader for the reaction of Fur than of Hmf. A Fur reaction mechanism based on literature data was discussed and supported by kinetic modelling. The influence of the Hf loading and reaction conditions (catalyst load, type of alcohol H-donor, temperature, initial substrate concentration) on the reaction kinetics was studied. The reaction conditions were optimized to maximize the yields of 2-(alkoxymethyl)furan ethers formed from Fur; up to 63% yield was reached at 88% Fur conversion, 4 h/150 °C, using Hf-TUD-1(75), which was a stable catalyst. The Hf-TUD-1(x) catalysts promoted the selective conversion of Hmf to bis(2-alkoxymethyl)furan; e.g., 96% selectivity at 98% Hmf conversion, 3 h/170 °C for Hf-TUD-1(50). 相似文献
Present study investigates thermal behavior of two heavy crude oils with different °API values by simultaneous thermogravimetry–differential scanning calorimetry–fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG–DSC–FTIR), and an evaluation of the chemical element levels present in the oils’ ashes was done by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. TG and DSC curves were obtained for two samples in nitrogen atmosphere. Among all inorganic components evaluated, the highest concentration in the two oils was SO3. Thus this study may contribute to a better understanding of the thermal behavior of heavy crude oils and their composition. 相似文献
Considerable efforts have been made to utilize agricultural and forest residues as biomass feedstock for the production of second-generation bioethanol as an alternative fuel. Fermentation utilizing strains of Zymomonas mobilis and the use of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process has been proposed. Statistical experimental design was used to optimize the conditions of SSF, evaluating solid content, enzymatic load, and cell concentration. The optimum conditions were found to be solid content (30%), enzymatic load (25 filter paper units/g), and cell concentration (4 g/L), resulting in a maximum ethanol concentration of 60 g/L and a volumetric productivity of 1.5 g L?1?h?1. 相似文献
In this work, the catalytic activity of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon black (CB), and CNT-CB counter electrodes in the I−/I3− reduction reaction is reported and compared with the Pt counter electrode. The fabricated counter electrodes were evaluated in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The results indicate that the best cathodes were made from CNT10 (240 μm) and CB with a charge transfer resistance (RCT) of 2.70 Ω, and when the complete device shows 19.83 Ω of internal series resistance (RS), the photovoltaic parameters of these cells were JSC = 10.47 mA cm−2; VOC = 0.70 V; and FF = 57.90, with an efficiency of 4.29%, indicating a better interaction between the CNT10 in the 3D network of the counter electrode, generating a good charge transfer kinetics, in comparison with only CNT10 or CB.