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41.
We give criteria for the Cohen-Macaulay and Gorenstein property of Rees algebras of height 2 non-singular equimultiple prime
ideals in terms of explicite representations of the associated graded rings. As consequences, we show that in general, the
Cohen-Macaulay resp. Gorenstein property of such Rees algebras does not imply the Cohen-Macaulay resp. Gorenstein property
of the base ring and that these properties depend upon the characteristic.
Dedicated to the memrory of Professor Lê Van Thiêm
Professor Lê Van Thiêm was the first directorof Hanoi Institute of Mathematics 相似文献
42.
Meriles CA 《Journal of magnetic resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)》2005,176(2):207-214
Nuclear magnetic resonance is arguably one of the most powerful techniques available today to characterize diverse systems. However, the low sensitivity of the standard detection method constrains the applicability of this technique to samples having effective dimensions not less than a few microns. Here, we propose a novel scheme and device for the indirect detection of the nuclear spin signal at a submicroscopic scale. This approach--for which the name Dipolar Field Microscopy is suggested--is based on the manipulation of the long-range nuclear dipolar interaction created between the sample and a semiconductor tip located close to its surface. After a preparation interval, the local magnetization of the sample is used to modulate the nuclear magnetization in the semiconductor tip, which, in turn is determined by an optical inspection. Based on results previously reported, it is shown that, in principle, images and/or localized high-resolution spectra of the sample can be retrieved with spatial resolution proportional to the size of the tip. 相似文献
43.
44.
S. E. D. Webb S. Lévêque-Fort D. S. Elson J. Siegel T. Watson M. J. Lever M. Booth R. Juskaitis M. A. A. Neil L. O. Sucharov T. Wilson P. M. W. French 《Journal of fluorescence》2002,12(2):279-283
We have developed a compact system for wide-field fluorescence imaging, resolved in three spatial dimensions, lifetime and wavelength, that is based on a gated optical intensifier and an all-solid-state diode pumped Cr:LiSAF oscillator-amplifier system. Exploiting spectral separation, the system has been applied to human teeth, obtaining good lifetime contrast between enamel, dentin and caries. Exploiting spectral separation combined with depth resolution, the study of fluorescent microspheres led to an enhancement in both lifetime contrast and lateral resolution. 相似文献
45.
Heise H Sakellariou D Meriles CA Moulé A Pines A 《Journal of magnetic resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)》2002,156(1):146-151
In a recent publication we presented a method to obtain highly resolved NMR spectra in the presence of an inhomogeneous B(0) field with the help of a matched RF gradient. If RF gradient pulses are combined with "ideal" 90 degrees pulses to form inhomogeneous z rotation pulses, the line broadening caused by the B(0) gradient can be refocused, while the full chemical shift information is maintained. This approach is of potential use for NMR spectroscopy in an inhomogeneous magnetic field produced by an "ex-situ" surface spectrometer. In this contribution, we extend this method toward two-dimensional spectroscopy with high resolution in one or both dimensions. Line narrowing in the indirect dimension can be achieved by two types of nutation echoes, thus leading to depth-sensitive NMR spectra with full chemical shift information. If the nutation echo in the indirect dimension is combined with a stroboscopic acquisition using inhomogeneous z-rotation pulses, highly resolved two-dimensional correlation spectra can be obtained in matched field gradients. Finally, we demonstrate that an INEPT coherence transfer from proton to carbon spins is possible in inhomogeneous B(0) fields. Thus, it is possible to obtain one-dimensional (13)C NMR spectra with increased sensitivity and two-dimensional HETCOR spectra in the presence of B(0) gradients of 0.4 mT/cm. These schemes may be of some value for ex-situ NMR analysis of materials and biological systems. 相似文献
46.
A post-processing technique is presented for correcting images undersampled in k-space. The method works by taking advantage of the image's background zeros (dynamically segmented through the application of a threshold) to extrapolate the missing k-space samples. The algorithm can produce good quality images from a small set of k-space frequencies with only a few iterations of simple matrix operations, using the image entropy as the focus criterion. It does not require any special patient preparation, extra pulse sequences, complex gradient programming or specialized hardware. This makes it a good candidate for any application that requires short scan times or where only few frequencies can be sampled. 相似文献
47.
Francisco P.J. Valero Carlos B. Suarez Robert W. Boese 《Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer》1980,23(3):337-341
Absolute line intensities and self-broadening coefficients have been measured at 197° and 294°K for the 201II ← 000 band of 12C16O2 at about 4978cm-1. The vibration-rotation factor (FVR), the purely vibrational transition moment (∣R(O)∣), and the integrated band intensity (Sband) are deduced from the measurements. The results are: FVR(m)=1+(0.24±0.08)x10-4m+(0.55+0.21)x10-4m2, ∣R(O)∣= (4.340±0.008x10-3 debye, Sband=96372±190cm-1km-1atm-1STP. The results for self-broadening coefficients, as well as for individual vibration-rotation lines, are presented in the text. 相似文献
48.
Matteo Villani Guillermo Albareda Carlos Destefani Xavier Cartoix Xavier Oriols 《Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)》2021,23(4)
Without access to the full quantum state, modeling quantum transport in mesoscopic systems requires dealing with a limited number of degrees of freedom. In this work, we analyze the possibility of modeling the perturbation induced by non-simulated degrees of freedom on the simulated ones as a transition between single-particle pure states. First, we show that Bohmian conditional wave functions (BCWFs) allow for a rigorous discussion of the dynamics of electrons inside open quantum systems in terms of single-particle time-dependent pure states, either under Markovian or non-Markovian conditions. Second, we discuss the practical application of the method for modeling light–matter interaction phenomena in a resonant tunneling device, where a single photon interacts with a single electron. Third, we emphasize the importance of interpreting such a scattering mechanism as a transition between initial and final single-particle BCWF with well-defined central energies (rather than with well-defined central momenta). 相似文献
49.
Lianet Contreras Rodríguez Evaristo Jos Madarro-Cap
Carlos Miguel Legn-Prez
Omar Rojas Guillermo Sosa-Gmez 《Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)》2021,23(5)
Entropy makes it possible to measure the uncertainty about an information source from the distribution of its output symbols. It is known that the maximum Shannon’s entropy of a discrete source of information is reached when its symbols follow a Uniform distribution. In cryptography, these sources have great applications since they allow for the highest security standards to be reached. In this work, the most effective estimator is selected to estimate entropy in short samples of bytes and bits with maximum entropy. For this, 18 estimators were compared. Results concerning the comparisons published in the literature between these estimators are discussed. The most suitable estimator is determined experimentally, based on its bias, the mean square error short samples of bytes and bits. 相似文献
50.
Danilo Santos Cruz Joo M. de Araújo Carlos A. N. da Costa Carlos C. N. da Silva 《Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)》2021,23(5)
Full waveform inversion is an advantageous technique for obtaining high-resolution subsurface information. In the petroleum industry, mainly in reservoir characterisation, it is common to use information from wells as previous information to decrease the ambiguity of the obtained results. For this, we propose adding a relative entropy term to the formalism of the full waveform inversion. In this context, entropy will be just a nomenclature for regularisation and will have the role of helping the converge to the global minimum. The application of entropy in inverse problems usually involves formulating the problem, so that it is possible to use statistical concepts. To avoid this step, we propose a deterministic application to the full waveform inversion. We will discuss some aspects of relative entropy and show three different ways of using them to add prior information through entropy in the inverse problem. We use a dynamic weighting scheme to add prior information through entropy. The idea is that the prior information can help to find the path of the global minimum at the beginning of the inversion process. In all cases, the prior information can be incorporated very quickly into the full waveform inversion and lead the inversion to the desired solution. When we include the logarithmic weighting that constitutes entropy to the inverse problem, we will suppress the low-intensity ripples and sharpen the point events. Thus, the addition of entropy relative to full waveform inversion can provide a result with better resolution. In regions where salt is present in the BP 2004 model, we obtained a significant improvement by adding prior information through the relative entropy for synthetic data. We will show that the prior information added through entropy in full-waveform inversion formalism will prove to be a way to avoid local minimums. 相似文献