Upper limits for charm production in 150 GeV p-Be interactions

A search has been made for the hadronic production of charmed baryons and mesons with a large aperture forward magnetic spectrometer using 150 GeV protons originating from the CERN-SPS. A prompt electron trigger was used as a signature for charm. Upper limits at 90% confidence level have been obtained for the production of $\text{Λ}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>c</mtext>}}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{D}{}^0\text{,}\text{D}{}^0\text{D}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{and D}{}^{\mathrm{?}}\text{: σ(Λ}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>c</mtext>}}\text{) ? 8 μ}\text{b}\text{, σ(}\text{D}{}^0\text{) ? 64 μ}\text{b}\text{, σ(}\text{D}{}^0\text{) < 37 μ}\text{b}\text{, σ(}\text{D}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{) ? 51 μ}\text{b and}\text{σ(}\text{D}{}^{\mathrm{?}}\text{) ? 49 μ}\text{b}$ per nucleon, assuming linear A dependence. Systematic errors due to uncertainties in branching ratios and to model dependence of the acceptance calculation are discussed.     

High statistics inclusive ϕ meson production at SPS energies

Inclusive ? meson production has been measured for 100 GeV/c and 200 GeV/c incident π^?, \(\bar p\) andK ^?, and for 120 GeV/c and 200 GeV/c incident π⁺,p andK ⁺, using a Be target. A total of 630,000 ? mesons has been recorded in the kinematic range 0<x _F <0.4. Presented are the differential cross sectionsdσ/dx _F anddσ/dp _T ². The longitudinal momentum distributions show that the strange valence quarks of the incidentK mesons play an important role in ? meson production, even at smallx _F . The decay angular distribution of the ? meson is evaluated in the Gottfried-Jackson frame and is expressed in the elements of the density matrix. There is a small but significant cos² θ _GJ dependence for smallp _T , which decreases for increasingp _T .     

Inclusive ϕ meson production,the parton fusion model and strange quark structure functions

The parton fusion model is used to describe the longitudinal differential cross section (dσ/dx _F ) of hadronic ? production. Thedσ/dx _F for ? production in π^± p, \(\mathop p\limits^{( - )} p\) andK ^± p interactions is evaluated in the model by using structure functions for the constituents of the interacting particles. A comparison between the model and high statistics data in the Feynmanx range 0.0<x _F (?)<0.4 allows the determination of the strange valence quark distribution inK mesons and the strange sea quark distribution in π mesons, which appears to be harder than the light sea quark distribution. The comparison also shows that a significant part of inclusive ? production is due to the OZI allowed fusion of strange quarks, while the OZI inhibited fusion diagrams are strongly suppressed.     

Raman study of lithium coordination in EMI‐TFSI additive systems as lithium‐ion battery ionic liquid electrolytes

Raman spectroscopy was performed on various mixtures of the ionic liquid salt, 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium‐bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMI‐TFSI). When EMI‐TFSI is used in combination with a lithium salt, it could be a potential electrolyte for lithium‐ion or lithium metal batteries. The Raman spectra of EMI‐TFSI, EMI‐TFSI 0.5 M Li‐TFSI, EMI‐TFSI 0.5 M Li‐TFSI 2 M vinylene carbonate (VC) and EMI‐TFSI 0.5 Li‐TFSI 2 M ethylene carbonate (EC) were collected and compared. A comparison of the peak positions of the δ_s CF₃ mode at 742 cm⁻¹ demonstrates that when carbonate additives are present, the lithium ion is no longer interacting with the TFSI anion. Instead, it is coordinated with the carbon–oxygen double bond of the carbonates. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ion Exchange in Hydrometallurgical Processing: An Overview and Selected Applications

Ion exchange has traditionally been employed for the purification of water and the removal of metal contaminants from dilute waste streams. More recently, its use in removing trace metallic impurities from hydrometallurgical process streams (with typical background metal concentrations of 50–100 g/L) has increased substantially. It is also used as a primary recovery and concentration unit operation for certain commodities, where both technical and cost advantages become apparent for complex flow sheets. This overview discusses selected modern applications of ion exchange in hydrometallurgical processes for uranium, precious metals, copper, cobalt, nickel and zinc, and identifies some opportunities for the future.