全文获取类型
收费全文 | 282525篇 |
免费 | 3452篇 |
国内免费 | 1183篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 155276篇 |
晶体学 | 4227篇 |
力学 | 11887篇 |
综合类 | 12篇 |
数学 | 30240篇 |
物理学 | 85518篇 |
出版年
2020年 | 1850篇 |
2019年 | 1802篇 |
2018年 | 1775篇 |
2016年 | 3650篇 |
2015年 | 2909篇 |
2014年 | 3817篇 |
2013年 | 12205篇 |
2012年 | 9397篇 |
2011年 | 11888篇 |
2010年 | 7379篇 |
2009年 | 7334篇 |
2008年 | 10857篇 |
2007年 | 10846篇 |
2006年 | 10572篇 |
2005年 | 9994篇 |
2004年 | 8913篇 |
2003年 | 7735篇 |
2002年 | 7674篇 |
2001年 | 8779篇 |
2000年 | 6811篇 |
1999年 | 5354篇 |
1998年 | 4251篇 |
1997年 | 4256篇 |
1996年 | 4139篇 |
1995年 | 3863篇 |
1994年 | 3573篇 |
1993年 | 3434篇 |
1992年 | 3883篇 |
1991年 | 3831篇 |
1990年 | 3464篇 |
1989年 | 3472篇 |
1988年 | 3474篇 |
1987年 | 3432篇 |
1986年 | 3242篇 |
1985年 | 4679篇 |
1984年 | 4725篇 |
1983年 | 3854篇 |
1982年 | 4315篇 |
1981年 | 4099篇 |
1980年 | 4052篇 |
1979年 | 4026篇 |
1978年 | 4202篇 |
1977年 | 4062篇 |
1976年 | 4021篇 |
1975年 | 3938篇 |
1974年 | 3688篇 |
1973年 | 3978篇 |
1972年 | 2361篇 |
1971年 | 1732篇 |
1967年 | 1739篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
991.
992.
993.
H. W. Wenz W. J. Lichtenberg H. Katterwe 《Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry》1991,341(3-4):155-165
Summary When a shot is fired, the projectile and the cartridge case are released from the weapon, as well as components of the priming charge and propellant, the so-called powder-gunshot residues. In order to solve firearm offences, it is therefore very important to determine the topography of trace-bearing areas on the bullet and the cartridge case, as well as the chemical composition of gunshot residue particles. Gunshot residue particles are made visible with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and are analysed by means of energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) and lately also by means of wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDXS). In addition to this, analyses of these particles are displayed by means of Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and depth profiles are prepared. To determine the local distributions of gunshot residue elements with regard to their quantity, the direct Zeeman atomic absorption spectroscopy (DZ-AAS) is employed. Besides the determination of the chemical composition, the topography of the trace-bearing areas on the bullet and cartridge case plays an important part. For the detection of these surfaces, light optical and electron-optical methods are employed. Moreover, the use of opto-electronical testing systems has been attracting more and more attention recently. 相似文献
994.
Yang H. C. 《显形杂志》2007,10(1):83-89
Motionless mixers have found a large range of applications, including blending, reaction, dispersion, heat transfer and mass
transfer. Understanding the mixing processes that occur in these diverse systems is essential for predicting many aspects
of practical importance. The objective of this study is to perform the experimental investigations of mixing characteristics
for three different motionless mixers. The red color dye tracer was mixed in the main stream of green hair styling gel, and
then the mixing efficiency was quantified by calculating the percentage area concentration of red color at the outlet cross
section using a digital image processing technique. In the Sulzer SMX and YHC mixer, a single element mixes the fluid nearly
in two dimensions, and three-dimensional mixing is accomplished by the next elements aligned at 90o to their former one. In
the Sulzer SMX mixer, the flow appears to be globally well mixed after 5 elements, while in the YHC and YNU mixers, it is
necessary to globally well mix more than 1 and 2 elements. 相似文献
995.
R. Arnaldi R. Averbeck K. Banicz J. Castor B. Chaurand C. Cicalo A. Colla P. Cortese S. Damjanovic A. David A. De Falco A. Devaux A. Drees L. Ducroux H. En’yo A. Ferretti M. Floris A. Foerster P. Force N. Guettet A. Guichard H. Gulkanian J. Heuser M. Keil L. Kluberg J. Lozano C. Lourenço F. Manso A. Masoni P. Martins A. Neves H. Ohnishi C. Oppedisano P. Parracho P. Pillot G. Puddu E. Radermacher P. Ramalhete P. Rosinsky E. Scomparin J. Seixas S. Serci R. Shahoyan P. Sonderegger H.J. Specht R. Tieulent G. Usai R. Veenhof H.K. Wöhri 《The European Physical Journal C - Particles and Fields》2007,49(1):235-241
The NA60 experiment at the CERN SPS has studied low-mass muon pairs in 158 A GeV In–In collisions. A strong excess of pairs
is observed above the yield expected from neutral meson decays. The unprecedented sample size close to 400000 events and the
good mass resolution of about 2% made it possible to isolate the excess by subtraction of the decay sources. The shape of
the resulting mass spectrum shows some non-trivial centrality dependence, but is largely consistent with a dominant contribution
from π+π-→ϱ→μ+μ- annihilation. The associated ϱ spectral function exhibits considerable broadening, but essentially no shift in mass. The
pT-differential mass spectra show the excess to be much stronger at low pT than at high pT. The results are compared to theoretical model predictions; they tend to rule out models linking hadron masses directly to
the chiral condensate.
PACS 25.75.-q; 12.38.Mh; 13.85.Qk 相似文献
996.
C.G. Papadopoulos M. Worek 《The European Physical Journal C - Particles and Fields》2007,50(4):843-856
We present an alternative method to calculate cross sections for multi-parton scattering processes in the standard model at
leading order. The helicity amplitudes are computed using recursion relations in the number of particles, based on the Dyson–Schwinger
equations, whereas the summation over colour and helicity configurations is performed by Monte Carlo methods. The computational
cost of our algorithm grows asymptotically as 3n, where n is the number of particles involved in the process, as opposed to the n!-growth of the Feynman diagram approach.
Typical results for the total cross section, the differential distributions of the invariant masses and the transverse momenta
of the partons are presented and cross checked by explicit summation over colours. 相似文献
997.
R. Rehm M. Walther J. Schmitz J. Fleißner F. Fuchs J. Ziegler W. Cabanski 《Opto-Electronics Review》2006,14(1):19-24
The first fully operational mid-IR (3–5 μm) 256×256 IR-FPA camera system based on a type-II InAs/GaSb short-period superlattice
showing an excellent noise equivalent temperature difference below 10 mK and a very uniform performance has been realized.
We report on the development and fabrication of the detecor chip, i.e., epitaxy, processing technology and electro-optical
characterization of fully integrated InAs/GaSb superlattice focal plane arrays. While the superlattice design employed for
the first demonstrator camera yielded a quantum efficiency around 30%, a superlattice structure grown with a thicker active
layer and an optimized V/III BEP ratio during growth of the InAs layers exhibits a significant increase in quantum efficiency.
Quantitative responsivity measurements reveal a quantum efficiency of about 60% for InAs/GaSb superlattice focal plane arrays
after implementing this design improvement.
The paper presented there appears in Infrared Photoelectronics, edited by Antoni Rogalski, Eustace L. Dereniak, Fiodor F. Sizov, Proc. SPIE Vol. 5957, 595707 (2005). 相似文献
998.
P. J. Bream J. J. Lim S. Bull A. V. Andrianov S. Sujecki E. C. Larkins 《Optical and Quantum Electronics》2006,38(12-14):1019-1027
We describe the inclusion of nonequilibrium gain into a self-consistent 2.5D CW spectral laser diode model and report on the use of this model to investigate the origin of gain compression in a 975 nm high-brightness tapered QW laser diode. Nonequilibrium gain is calculated using a dynamic gain model, which simulates the dynamic relaxation of the quantum well carrier energy distributions under the influence of steady-state electrical and optical excitation. Calculated gain and spontaneous emission spectra are included in the laser model via parameterised look up tables. Both simulated and experimentally measured intracavity spontaneous emission spectra show an increased carrier density and a blue-shift of the gain maximum with increasing bias caused by carrier heating and spectral hole burning. The accurate incorporation of nonequilibrium gain compression is therefore vital for the accurate prediction of the operating characteristics of these devices and for the experimental determination of the active region temperature. 相似文献
999.
Vowel intelligibility during singing is an important aspect of communication during performance. The intelligibility of isolated vowels sung by Western classically trained singers has been found to be relatively low, in fact, decreasing as pitch rises, and it is lower for women than for men. The lack of contextual cues significantly deteriorates vowel intelligibility. It was postulated in this study that the reduced intelligibility of isolated sung vowels may be partly from the vowels used by the singers in their daily vocalises. More specifically, if classically trained singers sang only a few American English vowels during their vocalises, their intelligibility for American English vowels would be less than for those classically trained singers who usually vocalize on most American English vowels. In this study, there were 21 subjects (15 women, 6 men), all Western classically trained performers as well as teachers of classical singing. They sang 11 words containing 11 different American English vowels, singing on two pitches a musical fifth apart. Subjects were divided into two groups, those who normally vocalize on 4, 5, or 6 vowels, and those who sing all 11 vowels during their daily vocalises. The sung words were cropped to isolate the vowels, and listening tapes were created. Two listening groups, four singing teachers and five speech-language pathologists, were asked to identify the vowels intended by the singers. Results suggest that singing fewer vowels during daily vocalises does not decrease intelligibility compared with singing the 11 American English vowels. Also, in general, vowel intelligibility was lower with the higher pitch, and vowels sung by the women were less intelligible than those sung by the men. Identification accuracy was about the same for the singing teacher listeners and the speech-language pathologist listeners except for the lower pitch, where the singing teachers were more accurate. 相似文献
1000.
The crystal structure of a novel ferrocene derivative with potential flame-retardant/smoke-suppressant activity, 1,4,5,6,7,7-hexachloro-2-endo-ferrocenyl-hydroxymethyl-3-endo-hydroxymethyl-5-norbornene, has been determined. Some of the carbon–carbon bonds within the chlorendic residue are unusually long, and there is no interaction between the hydroxyl groups and the iron atom. There is evidence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the two hydroxyl groups. 相似文献