Synthesis of substituted carbazoles by a vinylic to aryl palladium migration involving domino C-H activation processes

Substituted carbazoles are readily prepared in good yields by the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of alkynes and N-(3-iodophenyl)anilines. This process proceeds by carbopalladation of the alkyne, heteroatom-directed vinylic to aryl palladium migration, and ring closure involving two consecutive C-H activation processes. The process has also been expanded to the synthesis of an indole. [Structure: see text]     

Ab initio stochastic optimization of conformational and many-body degrees of freedom

Moderate to large size molecules in solution have complex energy surfaces due to intramolecular (conformational) and intermolecular (many-body) interactions. The first principles Monte Carlo (FPMC) method, previously shown to effectively locate minimum-energy structures for systems with only many-body complexity, has been extended to address conformational flexibility by adding three new Monte Carlo move types. The primary advantage of the FPMC method is the ability to efficiently locate minimum energy structures of molecules with conformational flexibility in the presence of explicit solvent molecules using highly accurate quantum chemical calculations. The additions to FPMC were validated by studying conformers of glycerol, glyceraldehyde, and a large humic acid monomer unit. The structure of glyceraldehyde in the presence of one and two water molecules was also explored to demonstrate the power of FPMC to study systems with both conformational and many-body degrees of freedom.     

Chemical synthesis of lymphotactin: a glycosylated chemokine with a C-terminal mucin-like domain

The synthesis of a 93-residue chemokine, lymphotactin, containing eight sites of O-linked glycosylation, was achieved using the technique of native chemical ligation. A single GalNAc residue was incorporated at each glycosylation site using standard Fmoc-chemistry to achieve the first total synthesis of a mucin-type glycoprotein. Using this approach quantities of homogeneous material were obtained for structural and functional analysis.     

Simultaneous determination of metal ion concentrations in binary mixtures with a multi-LED photometer

 A compact photometer is based on up to seven different light-emitting diodes whose light is guided into a photometric cell by means of a fibre-optic coupler. The wavelength is selected by switching on the appropriate light source. The application of this multi-wavelength photometer to the determination of binary metal ion samples is demonstrated using model mixtures. Solutions of Fe, Co, Cu, Ni, Cr and Mn were used in combination with several photometric reagents. It was found that the instrument yielded concentration measurements which were usually within a few percent of the correct concentration. These results are comparable to reported data obtained with conventional instruments for similar measurements. The application of the instrument for simultaneous determination in flow-injection analysis employing rapid computer controlled switching of the light-emitting diodes is also demonstrated. A limitation in the use of light-emitting diodes for the simultaneous determination was found to arise from the fact that in some instances non-linear calibration curves are obtained when employing light-emitting diodes as light sources. This occurs when the absorptivity of the measured compound changes over the emission band of the diodes. Multiple regression analysis is then not easily possible. Received: 16 September 1996/Revised: 14 October 1996/Accepted: 16 October 1996     

Determination of lead in wines by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry.

The optimization of lead hydride generation in aqueous ethanolic media and the influence on its generation of the wine components, both white and red, have been studied. These interferences were overcome by careful control of the parameters affecting hydride generation and the procedure was applied to the determination of Pb in wines. The method is fast, accurate and sensitive and can be used to quantify 24 ppb of Pb in wines.     

The structures of fluorides. XV. Neutron diffraction-kubic harmonic profile analysis of the body-centered cubic phase of sulfur hexafluoride at 193°K

Sulfur hexafluoride has a body-centered cubic phase (a = 5.915(3) Å) between its melting point (222.4°K) and 93°K, below which a lower symmetry phase exists. NMR studies show that in both phases there is rapid reorientation of the sulfur hexafluoride molecules. From a neutron diffraction pattern collected at 193°K with λ = 1.086 Å, the data were not satisfied by a model with a spherically symmetrical fluorine density nor by a refinement with conventional ellipsoidal-shaped atoms. The latter gave systematically low S-F distances and abnormally high β_ij thermal factors. Good agreement was obtained by a combination of Kubic Harmonics with full-matrix least-squares analysis of the neutron profile pattern. The refinement was made with one variable Kubic Harmonic coefficient a₂ = 5.94(11), with $\text{R}{}_{\mathrm{w}}\text{= {}\text{∑ w[y}{}_0\text{? (}\text{1}\text{s}\text{)y}{}_{\mathrm{c}}\text{]}{}^2\text{∑ wy}{}_0{}^2\text{}}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{= 0.079}$ and $\text{χ}{}^2\text{=}\text{∑ w[y}{}_0\text{? (}\text{1}\text{s}\text{)y}{}_{\mathrm{c}}\text{]}{}^2\text{(NO-NV)}\text{= = 1.2}$. Only four least-squares variables were required with 225 observations in the range of one or more hkl reflections to 2θ = 58.3°. AS-F distance of 1.542(4) Å, obtained from the neutron diffraction data, is in good agreement with the reported value of 1.564(10) Å found from electron diffraction measurements of the vapor. The disordered fluorine distribution has broad maxima on the cell edges similar to those found in the plastic cubic phases of MoF₆ and WF₆.     

The determination of oxygen in silicon by alpha and helium-3 activation analysis

A non-destructive analytical method for oxygen in silicon by both helium-3 and α-particle activation analysis was applied to different samples, containing 0.05–10 p.p.m. of oxygen. The accuracy and precision of the method were studied. For concentrations above 1 p.p.m., the average coefficient of variation is about 6% for α-activation and 13% for helium-3 activation. For concentrations of about 60 p.p.b., the corresponding figure is about 20%. The results of both methods, which agree within 8%, are compared to infrared analysis. The determination limit of the method is 4 p.p.b. for helium-3 activation and 22 p.p.b. for α-activation.     

Analysis of aerosols at the bosporus bridge of Istanbul

Air samples collected at the second Bosporus bridge of Istanbul which carries a heavy traffic load between Asia and Europe, were analyzed for 22 elements by the INAA method. Pb, Cd and Fe concentrations in the samples were determined by AAS. Iron concentrations were used as a cross check between the two methods. In order to define the enrichment factors for the elements in the bridge area, a sample collected from our university campus which can be considered as a rural site, was also analyzed. Differences were observed especially for Br, Al, Mg, Ti, Cu and Na between the two sites. Based on the results of the samples from the bridge, we got a value of 0.58(16) for the Br/Pb-ratio.