全文获取类型
收费全文 | 43130篇 |
免费 | 1469篇 |
国内免费 | 158篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 22785篇 |
晶体学 | 220篇 |
力学 | 1254篇 |
综合类 | 6篇 |
数学 | 7414篇 |
物理学 | 13078篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 283篇 |
2021年 | 377篇 |
2020年 | 555篇 |
2019年 | 439篇 |
2018年 | 610篇 |
2017年 | 593篇 |
2016年 | 1192篇 |
2015年 | 911篇 |
2014年 | 1066篇 |
2013年 | 2274篇 |
2012年 | 2009篇 |
2011年 | 2162篇 |
2010年 | 1459篇 |
2009年 | 1218篇 |
2008年 | 2005篇 |
2007年 | 1849篇 |
2006年 | 1789篇 |
2005年 | 1605篇 |
2004年 | 1402篇 |
2003年 | 1126篇 |
2002年 | 1000篇 |
2001年 | 899篇 |
2000年 | 758篇 |
1999年 | 528篇 |
1998年 | 477篇 |
1997年 | 452篇 |
1996年 | 553篇 |
1995年 | 496篇 |
1994年 | 520篇 |
1993年 | 536篇 |
1992年 | 580篇 |
1991年 | 398篇 |
1990年 | 415篇 |
1989年 | 376篇 |
1988年 | 351篇 |
1987年 | 359篇 |
1986年 | 329篇 |
1985年 | 531篇 |
1984年 | 509篇 |
1983年 | 422篇 |
1982年 | 444篇 |
1981年 | 451篇 |
1980年 | 447篇 |
1979年 | 430篇 |
1978年 | 411篇 |
1977年 | 405篇 |
1976年 | 386篇 |
1975年 | 377篇 |
1974年 | 360篇 |
1973年 | 300篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
81.
We consider a specific continuous-spin Gibbs distribution μt=0 for a double-well potential that allows for ferromagnetic ordering. We study the time-evolution of this initial measure under
independent diffusions.
For `high temperature' initial measures we prove that the time-evoved measure μt is Gibbsian for all t. For `low temperature' initial measures we prove that μt stays Gibbsian for small enough times t, but loses its Gibbsian character for large enough t. In contrast to the analogous situation for discrete-spin Gibbs measures, there is no recovery of the Gibbs property for
large t in the presence of a non-vanishing external magnetic field. All of our results hold for any dimension d≥2. This example suggests more generally that time-evolved continuous-spin models tend to be non-Gibbsian more easily than
their discrete-spin counterparts.
Research carried out at EURANDOM and supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 相似文献
82.
Simple and convenient methods for determining surface chemical composition of lignocellulosic materials are described. The
methods are based on vapor phase fluorine surface derivatization with either trifluoro acetic anhydride (TFAA), tri-fluoro
ethanol (TFE) or pentafluorophenyl hydrazine (PFPH) and subsequent Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA). Model
cellulosic surfaces with well defined functionalities were used to optimize the derivatization reaction conditions. Detection
and accessibility of surface hydroxyl functional groups were investigated in cotton and regenerated cellulose as models. Carboxymethyl
cellulose (CMC) was used as a model surface for detection and quantification of carboxylic acid groups. Theoretical conversion
curves for derivatization reactions were calculated and used to evaluate the extent of the reactions on the model surfaces.
It was found that the conversion was higher for the regenerated cellulose and CMC than for cotton. The protocols developed
using the model surfaces were applied to a case study on wood fibers with different degrees of complexity, namely dissolving
and chemithermomechanical (CTMP) pulp. Untreated and oxygen-plasma modified pulps were compared with respect to the surface
composition of functional groups. According to the derivatization reactions, functionalities containing oxygen were significantly
increased on the plasma-treated samples. The effect of the treatment was found to be dependent on the type of pulp. Fluorine
derivatization is shown to be an unambiguous method for clear assessment of the chemical functionalities of cellulosic surfaces. 相似文献
83.
In this paper, a locally computed suboptimal control strategy for a class of interconnected systems is introduced. First, optimal statefeedback control equations are derived for a finite-horizon quadratic cost. Then, the control for each subsystem is separated into two portions. The first portion stabilizes the isolated subsystem, and the second portion corresponds to the interactions. To achieve a locally calculable control, an approximation to the optimal control equations is introduced, and two iterative suboptimal control algorithms are developed. In the first algorithm, the initial conditions of subsystems are assumed to be known; in the second algorithm, this information is replaced by statistical distributions. The orders of errors in the iterations of the algorithm and in the suboptimality are given in terms of interconnections. An example with comparisons is also included to show the performance of the approach. 相似文献
84.
J. Fülöp 《Mathematical Methods of Operations Research》1991,35(1):1-13
This paper shows that any linear disjunctive program with a finite number of constraints can be transformed into an equivalent facial program. Based upon linear programming technique, a new, finite cutting plane method is presented for the facial programs.
Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit zeigt, daß jedes lineare disjunktive Optimierungsproblem mit endlich vielen Restriktionen in ein äquivalentes Fazetten-Problem transformiert werden kann. Auf der Grundlage von linearer Optimierungstechnik wird für das Fazetten-Problem ein neues, endliches Schnittebenenverfahren vorgestellt.相似文献
85.
György Gát 《Analysis Mathematica》2006,32(1):25-48
Summary It is known that the Fejér means - with respect to the character system of the Walsh, and bounded Vilenkin groups - of an
integrable function converge to the function a.e. In this work we discuss analogous problems on the complete product of finite,
not necessarily Abelian groups with respect to the character system for functions that are constant on the conjugacy classes.
We find that the nonabelian case differs from the commutative case. We prove the a.e. convergence of the (C,1) means of the Fourier series of square integrable functions. We also prove the existence of a function f∊Lq for some q >1 such that sup |σn f | = + ∞ a.e. This is a sharp contrast between the Abelian and the nonabelian cases. 相似文献
86.
We give a concise review and extension of S-procedure that is an instrumental tool in control theory and robust optimization analysis. We also discuss the approximate S-Lemma as well as its applications in robust optimization.The many suggestions and detailed corrections of an anonymous referee are gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
87.
Technical cellulose-2.5-acetates (CA 2.5) were characterized regarding their carbohydrate composition in comparison to the raw material. The association of the CA 2.5 samples in acetone was studied by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) using various acetone grades and styrene divinylbenzene copolymer columns. In HPLC grade acetone with and without addition of 1% water up to three different pre-humps eluted in front of the main fraction of the polymer. The evaluation of the main peak by light scattering measurements resulted in high molar masses indicating that for these technical CA 2.5 samples even the main fraction is not dissolved without association. No pre-humps or association phenomena were observed after addition of 1 ppm LiBr to HPLC grade acetone or with p.a. grade acetone. In addition pre-hump enriched and pre-hump free fractions were isolated by fractionated precipitation. The carbohydrate composition of these fractions was determined and correlated with their association pattern in SEC investigations. 相似文献
88.
Jürg Fröhlich Tai-Peng Tsai Horng-Tzer Yau 《Communications in Mathematical Physics》2002,225(2):223-274
We consider the nonlinear Hartree equation describing the dynamics of weakly interacting non-relativistic Bosons. We show
that a nonlinear M?ller wave operator describing the scattering of a soliton and a wave can be defined. We also consider the dynamics of a
soliton in a slowly varying background potential W(ɛx). We prove that the soliton decomposes into a soliton plus a scattering wave (radiation) up to times of order ɛ−1. To leading order, the center of the soliton follows the trajectory of a classical particle in the potential W(ɛx).
Received: 30 June 2000 / Accepted: 25 June 2001 相似文献
89.
90.
A posteriori error estimators for the Stokes equations 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Summary We present two a posteriori error estimators for the mini-element discretization of the Stokes equations. One is based on a suitable evaluation of the residual of the finite element solution. The other one is based on the solution of suitable local Stokes problems involving the residual of the finite element solution. Both estimators are globally upper and locally lower bounds for the error of the finite element discretization. Numerical examples show their efficiency both in estimating the error and in controlling an automatic, self-adaptive mesh-refinement process. The methods presented here can easily be generalized to the Navier-Stokes equations and to other discretization schemes.This work was accomplished at the Universität Heidelberg with the support of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 相似文献