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Donald H. Buckley 《Progress in Surface Science》1982,12(1):1-153
The nature of the tribological surface is identified and characterized with respect to adhesion, friction, wear, and lubricating properties. Surface analysis is used to identify the role of environmental constituents on tribological behavior. The effect of solid to solid interactions for metals in contact with metals, ceramics, semiconductors, carbons, and polymers is discussed. The data presented indicate that the tribological surface is markedly different than an ideal solid surface. The environment is shown to affect strongly the behavior of two solids in contact. In certain instances, the environment can dominate surface characteristics. With metals in contact with metals, adhesion is found to be related to the cohesive binding energy. Strong adhesive bonding occurs for metals in contact with ceramics, semiconductors, carbons, and polymers. Bond strength at the interface is, with some exceptions, stronger than the bond strength of the cohesively weaker of the two materials. Many different surface properties of metals and alloys influence tribological performance. These include (1) surface energy, (2) crystallographic orientation, (3) amorphous versus the crystalline state, (4) grain boundaries, (5) texturing of the surface, (6) crystal structure, and (7) order-disorder transformations. At sufficiently high loads or sliding velocities, metals or alloy surfaces are shown to undergo recrystallization effecting tribological properties. The chemical valency, d-valence-bond characteristics, of metal surfaces affect adhesion, friction, and wear. The greater the percent d-bond character, the lower the friction and wear. The ideal tensile and shear strengths of simple transition metals correlate with friction coefficients. Results presented also show that small amounts of alloying elements in base metals can alter markedly adhesion, friction, and wear by segregating to the solid surface. 相似文献
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This work is concerned with the design of a leading edge for a flat-plate model used to study laminar and transitional boundary layers. For this study, the flow over the complete boundary-layer model, including leading edge, flat section, and trailing-edge flap, is modeled. The effect of important geometrical features of the leading edge on the resulting pressure distribution, starting from the well-known symmetric modified super ellipse, is investigated. A minimal pressure gradient on the measurement side of the plate is achieved using an asymmetrical configuration of modified super ellipses, with a thickness ratio of 7/24. An aerodynamic shape optimization is performed to obtain a novel leading edge shape that greatly reduces the length of the non-zero pressure gradient region and the adverse pressure gradient region compared to geometries defined by ellipses. Wind tunnel testing is used to validate the numerical solutions. 相似文献
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For every metric space (X, d) and origin o ∈ X, we show the inequality I o (x, y) ≤ 2d o (x, y), where I o (x, y) = d(x, y)/d(x, o)d(y, o) is the metric space inversion semimetric, d o is a metric subordinate to I o , and x, y ∈ X \ {o} The constant 2 is best possible. 相似文献
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Pfeifer P Aston L Banks M Barker S Burress J Carter S Coleman J Crockett S Faulhaber C Flavin J Gordon M Hardcastle L Kallenborn Z Kemiki M Lapilli C Pobst J Schott R Shah P Spellerberg S Suppes G Taylor D Tekeei A Wexler C Wood M Buckley P Breier T Downing J Eastman S Freeze P Graham S Grinter S Howard A Martinez J Radke D Vassalli T Ilavsky J 《Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.)》2007,17(4):041108
20.
Xie R Johnson W Rodriguez L Gounder M Hall GS Buckley B 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2007,387(8):2815-2822
To study the carboplatin–protein interaction, a sensitive method using size exclusion chromatography coupled to inductively
coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SEC–ICP–MS) was developed. The complexes formed between plasma proteins and carboplatin
were monitored and identified with this method. Composite blood plasma samples from patients who were undergoing chemotherapy
were analyzed, and carboplatin was found to bind plasma proteins. In addition, blank plasma samples were spiked with carboplatin
and were analyzed as a time course study, and the results confirmed that carboplatin formed complexes with plasma proteins,
primarily albumin and γ-globulin. To further substantiate the study, these two proteins were incubated with carboplatin. The
binding between carboplatin and these proteins was then characterized qualitatively and quantitatively. In addition to a one-to-one
binding of Pt to protein, protein aggregation was observed. The kinetics of the binding process of carboplatin to albumin
and γ-globulin was also studied. The initial reaction rate constant of carboplatin binding to albumin was determined to be
0.74 M−1 min−1, while that for γ-globulin was 1.01 M−1 min−1, which are both lower than the rate constant of the cisplatin–albumin reaction previously reported. 相似文献