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951.
T. Bernard Tate 《The Journal of the Operational Research Society》1977,28(4):765-779
Good technique, i.e. competence in carrying out operational research, is as vital for the practitioner to acquire as competence in the traditional ‘techniques’. It is suggested that universities should teach students how to conduct simple projects prior to alerting them to more sophisticated methodological issues.As an aid to this task, the traditional five or six parts of an operational research project are broken down and extended into 39 steps, and regrouped into three phases. Also, five skills are identified as being conceptually essential to "good" operational research, which students can develop through tackling suitable case studies. 相似文献
952.
Biosensors designed for environmental and food quality control based on screen-printed graphite electrodes with different configurations 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Avramescu A Andreescu S Noguer T Bala C Andreescu D Marty JL 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2002,374(1):25-32
Graphite electrodes fabricated by screen-printing have been used as amperometric detectors in biosensors based on NAD(+)-dependent dehydrogenases, tyrosinase, or genetically modified acetylcholinesterases. The mono-enzyme sensors have been optimized as disposable or reusable devices for detection of a variety of substrates important in the food industry ( D-lactic acid, L-lactic acid, acetaldehyde) or in environmental pollution control (phenols and dithiocarbamate, carbamate and organophosphorus pesticides). The sensors were prepared in four configurations differing in enzyme confinement, enzyme immobilization and location of the immobilization agent in the biosensor assembly. Tests on real samples have been performed with the biosensors; D-lactic acid and acetaldehyde have been detected in wine and phenols in air. 相似文献
953.
金属—血清白蛋白的结构研究——Ⅵ.等离子点附近HSA和BSA中Cu(Ⅱ)和Ni(Ⅱ)金属中心的结构 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:7
本文用紫外光谱研究了等离子点附近HSA或BSA 1Cu(Ⅱ)或Ni(Ⅱ)金属中心的结构。结果表明:在pH4.0~5.3时,Cu(Ⅱ)—HSA配合物在低浓度时独具五配位的四方锥构型,高浓度时(>10-4mol·l-1)为四配位的四方平面构型,Cu(Ⅱ)—BSA、Ni(Ⅱ)—BSA在上述pH范围内均只存在四方平面构型。Cu(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)结合位置与生理pH下的相同,均在白蛋白的N端三肽段上,与Asp1 相似文献
954.
Hong Shen James E. Mark Carl J. Seliskar Harry B. Mark Jr. William R. Heineman 《Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry》1997,1(3):241-247
One problem associated with using bare solid metal electrodes, such as gold and platinum, in stripping analysis to determine
heavy metal ions such as lead and copper ions in dilute solutions is that underpotential deposition (UPD) gives multiple stripping
peaks in the analysis of mixtures. These peaks are often overlapped and cannot be conveniently used for analytical purposes.
Bifunctional alkylthiols, such as 3-mercaptopropionic acid, with an ionizable group on the other terminal end of the thiol
can form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on the surface of the gold electrode. It is shown that such an SAM-modified gold
electrode minimizes the UPD effects for the stripping analysis of lead and copper. The anodic peak potential shifts and the
peak shape changes, indicating that the SAM changes the deposition and stripping steps of these heavy metal ions. Thus, the
sensitivity levels for both single species and mixtures can be significantly improved for the conventional solid electrodes.
The mechanism of the deposition reaction at the SAM-modified gold electrodes is discussed.
Received: 29 May 1997 / Accepted: 24 June 1997 相似文献
955.
The adsorption of α1-acid glycoprotein into bilirubin/cholesterol mixed monolayers with various component molar ratios is investigated using surface
pressure-area (π-A) isotherms and (dπ/dA)-A curves. The results showed that the surface area per molecule increased after the adsorption/insertion of glycoprotein molecules
into the monolayers. The compressibility of mixed monolayers increased as a result of hydrogen bonding between bilirubin and
glycoprotein molecules, while the interactions between bilirubin and cholesterol are weakened. The adsorption of glycoprotein
into a monolayer induced changes in molecular surface area depending on the surface pressure and molar fraction of bilirubin.
The transmission electron microscopy of mixed monolayers confirmed the insertion of glycoprotein particles of spherical shape
with an average diameter of about 80 nm into the monolayer.
The text was submitted by the authors in English. 相似文献
956.
Oleg V. Mikhailov Marina A. Kazymova Tatyana A. Shumilova Galina A. Chmutova Svetlana E. Solovieva 《Transition Metal Chemistry》2005,30(1):18-21
The complexing processes in the M
II
-dithiomalonamide-diacetyl triple system (M=Ni, Cu) occuring in the nickel(II)- and copper(II)hexacyanoferrate(II) gelatin-immobilized matrix in contact with aqueous alkaline solutions (pH~12) containing dithiomalonamide and diacetyl at room temperature, and between MCl2, dithiomalonamide
and
diacetyl
in
EtOH
solutions
upon
heating
to$80°C, have been studied. In the Ni
II
-dithiomalonamide-diacetyl system, template synthesis occurs in EtOH solution but does not occur in the gelatin-immobilized matrix, whereas in the Cu
II
-dithiomalonamide-diacetyl system, template synthesis occurs in the gelatin-immobilized matrix but not in EtOH solution. Dithiomalonamide and diacetyl are the ligand synthons in the processes indicated. 相似文献
957.
H7[NiV13O38] was synthesized from K7[NiV13O38] using an ion exchange method. Then Pr2H[NiV13O38] was obtained by double decomposition of H7[NiV13O38] with Pr2(CO3)3. The actual amount of praseodymium measured by elemental analysis coincides with the designed amount of praseodymium in Pr2H[NiV13O38]. The i.r. spectra suggested that the [NiV13O38]7– anion did not collapse after the ion exchange and double decomposition. The 51V n.m.r. spectrum of Pr2H[NiV13O38] showed four peaks and their ratio of the relative intensity was 4:4:4:1. This result agrees with the chemical environment of V atoms in the [NiV13O38]7– anion. In vitro antitumor activities of polyoxometalates on several human tumor cells have been investigated using the MTT method. Pr2H[NiV13O38] is the most effective polyoxometalate tested in this study for inhibiting KB cell. Pr2H[NiV13O38] also showed remarkable inhibitory effect on some other tumor cells: HCT, Bel, B16, BCAP and ESCL cells. These results indicate that Pr2H[NiV13O38] is a potent broad spectrum antitumor agent. The structure type of polyoxometalates greatly influences their antitumor activity: the order of structure type for inhibiting KB cell is: [NiV13O38]7–>[Mo7O24]6–>Anderson structure Keggin structure Dawson structure. Moreover, the nature of the polyatom in the polyoxometalates also greatly influences their antitumor activity: the polyatom order for inhibiting KB cell is: V>Mo W. On the other hand, the nature of the counter cation and the heteroatom in the polyoxometalates exerted a relatively small influence on the inhibitory effect against the KB cell, although the praseodymium salt of [NiV13O38]7– showed a higher antitumor activity than its potassium salt. 相似文献
958.
[structure: see text] Two cytotoxic quaternary Daphniphyllum alkaloids with an unprecedented fused-polycyclic skeleton containing a 1-azoniatetracyclo[5.2.2.0.(1,6)0.(4,9)]undecane ring system, daphniglaucins A (1) and B (2), have been isolated from the leaves of Daphniphyllum glaucescens. Their structures and relative stereochemistry were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data. 相似文献
959.
960.
Nikos G. Tsierkezos 《Journal of solution chemistry》2007,36(10):1301-1310
The reduction of benzophenone (Bzph) in 3-pentanone (PEN), acetone (ACE), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), tetrahydrofuran (THF), acetonitrile (ACN) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with n-tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF6) as background electrolyte was studied using the technique of cyclic voltammetry at the temperature of 263.15 K. The half-wave
potentials (E
1/2) were extracted. The reduction of Bzph occurs in two successive one-electron steps to produce first the free radical anion
Bzph− and then the dianion Bzph2−. The results indicated that the radical anion Bzph− is reoxidized to Bzph in all investigated solvent media whereas the dianion Bzph2− is reoxidized to Bzph− only in THF. The heterogeneous electron-transfer rate constants (k
s
) were evaluated by employing the electrochemical rate equation proposed by Nicholson. The rate of electron transfer for the
Bzph/Bzph− couple was found to be relatively slow in all investigated solvent media. Consequently, the electron-transfer processes can
be recognized as quasi-reversible. The diffusion coefficients (D) of Bzph in the investigated solvent media have been calculated using the modified Randles-Sevcik equation. The effect of
the physical and chemical properties of the solvent medium on the electrochemical behavior of Bzph has been examined. 相似文献