Regiospecific synthesis of mono-N-substituted indolopyrrolocarbazoles

[reactions: see text] Two complementary and efficient strategies have been developed for the regiospecific synthesis of unsymmetrical indolopyrrolocarbazoles (IPCs) mono-N-substituted with a pentacycle. A halogen in position 2 of the intermediate bisindolylmaleimides 3a-e allows a selective Mitsunobu coupling by exploiting the increased acidity of the 2-chloro-substituted indole nitrogen. It also promotes an easier cyclization of bisindolylmaleimides 4a-e and 7b-e to IPCs. Alkylation of the 2-unsubstituted indole-3-carboxamides 2a,b and further processing to the corresponding IPCs gives access to the opposite regioisomers.     

A recycling technique for the chromatographic separation of enantiomers and diastereomers on triacetylcellulose

A simple and inexpensive equipment for the optical resolution of enantiomers (and separation of diastereomers) on triacetylcellulose in ethanol at elevated pressure is described. It involves a closed circuit of solvent (pump—column—detector—pump) allowing a continuous chromatography up to 16 cycles without stopping the flow or handling fractions.This useful and versatile method permitting also the determination of enantiomeric purities is illustrated by several examples of centro-, axial- and planarchiral arenes and metallocenes.Herrn Prof. Dr.U. Schmidt, Stuttgart, zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Hyperfine structure of the 625 nm band in the a 3Πu ← X 1 Σg transitions of Na2

Hyperfine structures of transitions in the a ³Π_u ← X¹Σ_g system of Na₂ have been accurately measured by Doppler-free laser excitation spectroscopy in a collimated molecular beam. The hyperfine patterns are quantitatively explained and the reduced matrix elements of the magnetic dipole hf interaction determined from a least-squares fit to the measured line positions.     

Resonant electron transfer andL-shell excitation at 3.6 MeV/u62Sm q+ → Xe collisions,q=34−52

For 3.6 MeV/u Sm ^q+ projectiles a hump in the projectile (L _l +L _α) x-ray emission cross section is seen as a function of charge stateq for highq with 46≦q≦52 (closed incomingL shell). This hump is attributed to the Resonant electron Transfer from the Xe target atom with simultaneous Excitation of anL ₃-shell electron to theM shell. The cross section for thisL ₃-shell RTE process has values up to 2·10^?19 cm², which is seen in single spectra already. To verify the existence of theL-shell RTE process for the studied collision system, extensive calculations have been carried out. Especially theL ₃-shell fluorescence yield for the radiative stabilization process in the highly-charged projectile has been considered. Our calculatedq-dependent cross sections for the RTE process support the given interpretation.     

Nitration Products of 5‐Amino‐1H‐tetrazole and Methyl‐5‐amino‐1H‐tetrazoles – Structures and Properties of Promising Energetic Materials

The nitration of 5‐amino‐1H‐tetrazole ( 1 ), 5‐amino‐1‐methyl‐1H‐tetrazole ( 3 ), and 5‐amino‐2‐methyl‐2H‐tetrazole ( 4 ) with HNO₃ (100%) was undertaken, and the corresponding products 5‐(nitrimino)‐1H‐tetrazole ( 2 ), 1‐methyl‐5‐(nitrimino)‐1H‐tetrazole ( 5 ), and 2‐methyl‐5‐(nitramino)‐2H‐tetrazole ( 6 ) were characterized comprehensively using vibrational (IR and Raman) spectroscopy, multinuclear (¹H, ¹³C, ¹⁴N, and ¹⁵N) NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. The molecular structures in the crystalline state were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The thermodynamic properties and thermal behavior were investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the heats of formation were determined by bomb calorimetric measurements. Compounds 2, 5 , and 6 were all found to be endothermic compounds. The thermal decompositions were investigated by gas‐phase IR spectroscopy as well as DSC experiments. The heats of explosion, the detonation pressures, and velocities were calculated with the software EXPLO5, whereby the calculated values are similar to those of common explosives such as TNT and RDX. In addition, the sensitivities were tested by BAM methods (drophammer and friction) and correlated to the calculated electrostatic potentials. The explosion performance of 5 was investigated by Koenen steel sleeve test, whereby a higher explosion power compared to RDX was reached. Finally, the long‐term stabilities at higher temperatures were tested by thermal safety calorimetry (FlexyTSC). X‐Ray crystallography of monoclinic 2 and 6 , and orthorhombic 5 was performed.     

Note on a theoretical interpretation of the isotopic ratio vOH/vOD versus vOH in isotopically diluted HDO molecules in solid hydrates

A simple intra- and inter-molecular potential for water molecules engaged in hydrogen bonding has been used in a one-dimensional approximation for a theoretical interpretation of the experimental correlation $\text{v}$_OH/$\text{v}$_OD versus $\text{v}$_OH in solid hydrates. The variation in the equilibrium OH(D) distance has also been considered.     

Raman spectrocopic studies on the vibrational relaxation of CH3CN in different environments

Comparison of the frequencies and half-widths of v₁ in a variety of solvents shows that dispersion forces make a significant contribution to the effective intermolecular potential. Measurements of τ_v^?1 and [ω²] in the CH₃CN/CD₃OD/CCl₄ system demonstrates that long-range (hydrogen-bonding?) potentials significantly affect the relaxation rate.     

Stabilization of mixed valence states in partly oxidized one-dimensional transition metal systems

The spatial hole-state properties of partly oxidized one-dimensional (1D) organometallic solids with weak metal-metal interactions (either due to large separations between the corresponding building blocks or due to bridging organic ligand functions) have been studied in the crystal orbital (CO) formalism based on the tight-binding technique. The numerical analysis is restricted to insulating band states. The employed computational model is a semiempirical self-consistent-field (SCF) Hartree-Fock (HF) CO variant derived within the INDO (intermediate neglect of differential overlap) approximation. We have adopted a simple averaging procedure for the open shell systems which is based on a density operator that has its origin in the grand canonical (GC) ensemble in order to avoid the numerical difficulties of restricted or unrestricted tight-binding calculations on the oxidized 1D chains. The present method, however, is not related to temperature-dependent equilibria in statistical mechanics but is only a formal, highly efficient approach for the formation of average-states in the mean-field approximation. As one-dimensional models we have adopted the infinite tetracyanatonickelate(II), Ni(CN) ₄ ^2– 1, and the cyclopentadienylmanganese(I), MnCp2, systems. The electron removal processes in both 1D materials are more (1) or less (2) metal-centered ( states). The mean-field ground states of both oxidized modifications correspond to broken symmetry CDW (charge density wave) solutions that lead to mixed valence states with inequivalent numbers of electrons at adjacent transition metal centers. This symmetry breaking guarantees that important left-right correlations between the 3d atoms are taken into account even in the SCF HF approximation. The valence trapping in1 is strong, i.e. the mutual charge separation between the Ni centers amounts to 0.87e. The bridging organic ligands in2 prevent such pronounced differences of the net charges at the Mn centers and cause a reduction of the charge separation to 0.09e–0.14e.     

Continuum mixing and coupled channel effects inc\bar c andb\bar b quarkonium

We apply the unitarized quark model to heavy \(c\bar c\) and \(b\bar b\) quarkonium and study mass shifts and mixings induced by hadronic coupled channel effects. In particular, we study the two-meson continuum mixing in the quarkonium wave functions. It is found that the continuum component is 2–20% in the \(c\bar c\) and \(b\bar b\) states, measured as the squared sum of two-meson amplitudes \((D\bar D,D\bar D^ * + cc,D^ * \bar D^ * ,F\bar F,F\bar F^ * + cc,F^ * \bar F^ * for c\bar c)\) . It is the largest for states near or above the first threshold. These continuum mixings reduce the predicted radiative widths by 5–30%. The mass shifts of theP andF wave \(q\bar q\) states are similar to those ofS andD wave states previously studied. The computed resonance mixing matrices are explicitly given, enabling future calculations of relativistic effects, QCD effects, etc., to include also the coupled channel effects.     

InclusiveK *0(890) and\bar K*^0 (890) production on beryllium byK − and π− at 175 GeV

The reactions \(K^ - Be \to {}^(\bar K^) *^0 (890)X,\pi ^ - Be \to {}^(\bar K^) *^0 (890)X\) , have been studied in a 175 GeV unseparated hadron beam in the kinematic range 0<x _F <1.0 andp _T ² <5 GeV². Integrated cross-sections and the dependence of the cross-sections on the longitudinal and transverse momentum are presented, together with quark counting rules predictions. The nuclear dependence ofK ^? fragmentation intoK ^*0(890) with respect to Feynmanx is investigated from hydrogen to beryllium.