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71.
Abe F Albrow M Amidei D Anway-Wiese C Apollinari G Atac M Auchincloss P Azzi P Bacchetta N Baden AR Badgett W Bailey MW Bamberger A de Barbaro P Barbaro-Galtieri A Barnes VE Barnett BA Bartalini P Bauer G Baumann T Bedeschi F Behrends S Belforte S Bellettini G Bellinger J Benjamin D Benlloch J Bensinger J Beretvas A Berge JP Bertolucci S Biery K Bhadra S Binkley M Bisello D Blair R Blocker C Bodek A Bolognesi V Booth W Boswell C Brandenburg G Brown D Buckley-Geer E Budd HS Busetto G 《Physical review D: Particles and fields》1994,50(9):5562-5579
72.
Harmon BA Laird CE Fishman GJ Parnell TA Camp DC Frederick CE Hurley DL Lindstrom DJ Moss CE Reedy RC Reeves JH Smith AR Winn WG Benton EV 《Radiation measurements》1996,26(6):863-880
We present an overview of the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) induced activation measurements. The LDEF, which was gravity-gradient stabilized, was exposed to the low Earth orbit (LEO) radiation environment over a 5.8 year period. Retrieved activation samples and structural components from the spacecraft were analyzed with low and ultra-low background HPGe gamma spectrometry at several national facilities. This allowed a very sensitive measurement of long-lived radionuclides produced by proton- and neutron-induced reactions in the time-dependent, non-isotropic LEO environment. A summary of major findings from this study is given that consists of directionally dependent activation, depth profiles, thermal neutron activation, and surface beryllium-7 deposition from the upper atmosphere. We also describe a database of these measurements that has been prepared for use in testing radiation environmental models and spacecraft design. 相似文献
73.
Michael D. Westmoreland Benjamin W. Schumacher Steven C. Bailey 《International Journal of Theoretical Physics》1996,35(1):62-62
Reichenbach proposed a three-valued logic to describe quantum mechanics. In his development, Reichenbach presented three different negation operators without providing any criteria for choosing among them. In this paper we develop two three-valuedderived logics for classical systems. These logics are derived in that they are based on a theory of physical measurement. In this regard they have some of the characteristics of the quantum logic developed by Birkhoff and von Neumann. The theory of measurement used in the present development is the one used previously in developingbivalent derived logics for classical systems. As these systems are derived logics, many of the ambiguities possessed by systems such as Reichenbach's are avoided. 相似文献
74.
Abe F Akimoto H Akopian A Albrow MG Amendolia SR Amidei D Antos J Anway-Wiese C Aota S Apollinari G Asakawa T Ashmanskas W Atac M Azfar F Azzi-Bacchetta P Bacchetta N Badgett W Bagdasarov S Bailey MW Bao J de Barbaro P Barbaro-Galtieri A Barnes VE Barnett BA Barzi E Bauer G Baumann T Bedeschi F Behrends S Belforte S Bellettini G Bellinger J Benjamin D Benlloch J Bensinger J Benton D Beretvas A Berge JP Berryhill J Bertolucci S Bevensee B Bhatti A Biery K Binkley M Bisello D Blair RE Blocker C 《Physical review letters》1996,77(25):5005-5010
75.
Abe F Akimoto H Akopian A Albrow MG Amendolia SR Amidei D Antos J Anway-Wiese C Aota S Apollinari G Asakawa T Ashmanskas W Atac M Azfar F Azzi-Bacchetta P Bacchetta N Badgett W Bagdasarov S Bailey MW Bao J de Barbaro P Barbaro-Galtieri A Barnes VE Barnett BA Barzi E Bauer G Baumann T Bedeschi F Behrends S Belforte S Bellettini G Bellinger J Benjamin D Benlloch J Bensinger J Benton D Beretvas A Berge JP Berryhill J Bertolucci S Bhatti A Biery K Binkley M Bisello D Blair RE Blocker C Bodek A 《Physical review letters》1996,77(10):1945-1949
76.
Abe F Akimoto H Akopian A Albrow MG Amendolia SR Amidei D Antos J Anway-Wiese C Aota S Apollinari G Asakawa T Ashmanskas W Atac M Auchincloss P Azfar F Azzi-Bacchetta P Bacchetta N Badgett W Bagdasarov S Bailey MW Bao J de Barbaro P Barbaro-Galtieri A Barnes VE Barnett BA Barzi E Bauer G Baumann T Bedeschi F Behrends S Belforte S Bellettini G Bellinger J Benjamin D Benlloch J Bensinger J Benton D Beretvas A Berge JP Berryhill J Bertolucci S Bhatti A Biery K Binkley M Bisello D Blair RE 《Physical review letters》1996,76(23):4307-4311
77.
Strain energies and resonance energies can be obtained as the energy changes for appropriate homodesmotic reactions using ab initio calculated total energies as the energies of the reactants and products involved. Homodesmotic reactions conserve bond types and preserve valence environments at all atoms, requirements that favor the cancellation of basis set and electron correlation errors in the ab initio energies. In this paper we calculate strain energies and resonance energies for N(4), N(6), and N(8) clusters in a number of chemically significant but, for nitrogen, hypothetical structural forms. The nitrogen cluster strain energies are generally of the same order of magnitude as those of isostructural hydrocarbon clusters, and individual differences can be explained by using the ring strain additivity rule and recognizing the effect of the presence of lone pairs of electrons on nitrogen clusters but not on the hydrocarbons. Resonance energies of the nitrogen clusters are much smaller than those of the comparable aromatic hydrocarbons. The differences can be rationalized by considering the relative strengths of CC and NN single and double bonds. Strain and resonance energies of nitrogen clusters are compared with those previously reported for homoatomic clusters of phosphorus and arsenic. Trends through the series are remarkably similar, but strain energies for clusters from lower periods are progressively smaller. Strain and resonance have been important organizing concepts in organic chemistry for many years. Estimates of corresponding parameters for inorganic analogs are only now becoming available. 相似文献
78.
Alexopoulos T Allen C Anderson EW Balamurali V Banerjee S Beery PD Bhat P Bishop JM Biswas NN Bujak A Carmony DD Carter T Choi Y Cole P DeBonte R DeCarlo V Erwin AR Findeisen C Goshaw AT Gutay LJ Hirsch AS Hojvat C Jennings JR Kenney VP Lindsey CS Loomis C LoSecco JM McMahon T McManus AP Morgan N Nelson K Oh SH Porile NT Reeves D Rimai A Robertson WJ Scharenberg RP Stampke SR Stringfellow BC Thompson M Turkot F Walker WD Wang CH Warchol J Wesson DK Zhan Y 《Physical review D: Particles and fields》1993,48(3):984-997
79.
Abe F Albrow M Amidei D Anway-Wiese C Apollinari G Atac M Auchincloss P Azzi P Baden AR Bacchetta N Badgett W Bailey MW Bamberger A de Barbaro P Barbaro-Galtieri A Barnes VE Barnett BA Bauer G Baumann T Bedeschi F Behrends S Belforte S Bellettini G Bellinger J Benjamin D Benlloch J Bensinger J Beretvas A Berge JP Bertolucci S Biery K Bhadra S Binkley M Bisello D Blair R Blocker C Bodek A Bolognesi V Booth AW Boswell C Brandenburg G Brown D Buckley-Geer E Budd HS Busetto G Byon-Wagner A 《Physical review D: Particles and fields》1993,48(3):998-1008
80.