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991.
José Craveirinha Rita Girão-Silva João Clímaco 《Central European Journal of Operations Research》2008,16(1):79-105
MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) enables the utilisation of explicit routes and other advanced routing mechanisms in multiservice
packet networks, capable of dealing with multiple and heterogeneous QoS (Quality of Service) parameters. Firstly the paper
presents a discussion of conceptual and methodological issues raised by multiobjective routing optimisation models for MPLS
networks. The major contribution is the proposal of a multiobjective routing optimisation framework for MPLS networks. The
major features of this modelling framework are: the formulation of a three-level hierarchical routing optimisation problem
including network and service performance objectives, the inclusion of fairness objectives in the different levels of optimisation
and a two-level stochastic representation of the traffic in the network (traffic flow and packet stream levels). A variant
of the general model for two classes of traffic flows, QoS traffic and Best Effort traffic, is also presented. Finally a stochastic
teletraffic modelling approach, underlying the optimisation model, is fully described.
Work partially supported by programme POSI of the III EC programme cosponsored by FEDER and national funds. 相似文献
992.
Siripon Anantawaraskul Punnawit Somnukguandee Joo B. P. Soares Jumras Limtrakul 《Journal of Polymer Science.Polymer Physics》2009,47(9):866-876
Crystallization analysis fractionation (Crystaf) is a polymer characterization technique used to estimate chemical composition distributions (CCDs) of semicrystalline copolymers. The Crystaf profile can be transformed into a CCD using a calibration curve that relates average comonomer content to peak crystallization temperature. The calibration curve depends on copolymer molecular properties and Crystaf operation conditions. In this investigation, we applied a crystallization kinetics model to simulate Crystaf calibration curves and to quantify how Crystaf calibration curves depend on these factors. We applied the model to estimate the CCDs of three ethylene/1‐hexene copolymers from Crystaf profiles measured at different cooling rates and showed that our predictions agree well with the CCDs described by Stockmayer's distribution. We have also used this new methodology to investigate the effects of cooling rate, molecular weight, and comonomer type on Crystaf profiles and calibration curves. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 866–876, 2009 相似文献
993.
Claude Bardos François Golse C. David Levermore 《Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis》2000,153(3):177-204
The acoustic equations are the linearization of the compressible Euler equations about a spatially homogeneous fluid state.
We first derive them directly from the Boltzmann equation as the formal limit of moment equations for an appropriately scaled
family of Boltzmann solutions. We then establish this limit for the Boltzmann equation considered over a periodic spatial
domain for bounded collision kernels. Appropriately scaled families of DiPerna-Lions renormalized solutions are shown to have
fluctuations that converge entropically (and hence strongly in L
1) to a unique limit governed by a solution of the acoustic equations for all time, provided that its initial fluctuations
converge entropically to an appropriate limit associated to any given L
2 initial data of the acoustic equations.
The associated local conservation laws are recovered in the limit.
Accepted: October 22, 1999 相似文献
994.
Regis D. Gougeon Dr. Marianna Lucio Arnaud De Boel Moritz Frommberger Dr. Norbert Hertkorn Dr. Dominique Peyron Dr. David Chassagne Dr. François Feuillat Dr. Philippe Cayot Prof. Andrée Voilley Prof. Istvan Gebefügi Dr. Philippe Schmitt‐Kopplin Priv.‐Doz. Dr. 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2009,15(3):600-611
A non‐targeted, ultra‐high‐resolution mass spectrometric, direct analysis of oak‐wood extracts from two species (Quercus robur L. and Quercus petraea Liebl.) from three French forests, and of a wine aged in barrels derived therefrom has been performed to identify families of metabolites that could discriminate both the species and the geographical origin of woods. From 12 T ultra‐high‐resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectra of wood extracts, hundreds of mass signals were identified as possible significant biomarkers of the two species, with phenolic and carbohydrate moieties leading the differentiation between Q. robur and Q. petraea, respectively, as corroborated by both FTMS and NMR data. For the first time, it is shown that oak woods can also be discriminated on the basis of hundreds of forest‐related compounds, and particular emphasis is put on sessile oaks from the Tronçais forest, for which sugars are significantly discriminant. Despite the higher complexity and diversity of wine metabolites, forest‐related compounds can also be detected in wines aged in related barrels. It is only by using these non‐targeted analyses that such innovative results, which reveal specific chemodiversities of natural materials, can be obtained. 相似文献
995.
996.
J. Betzabe Gonzlez‐campos Evgen Prokhorov Gabriel Luna‐Brcenas A. Mendoza Galvn Isaac C. Sanchez Sergio M. Nuo Donlucas B. Garcia‐Gaitan Yuriy Kovalenko 《Journal of Polymer Science.Polymer Physics》2009,47(9):932-943
Relaxations in chitin have been investigated in the temperature range 298–523 K using impedance spectroscopy in the frequency range 10−1–108 Hz. The objective was to detect a glass‐transition temperature for this naturally occurring, semicrystalline polysaccharide. The impedance study was complemented with X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric, and differential scanning calorimetry measurements. Preliminary impedance data treatment includes the subtraction of the dc conductivity contribution, the exclusion of contact and interfacial polarization effects, and obtaining a condition of minimum moisture content for further analysis. When all these aspects are taken into account, two relaxations are clearly revealed in the impedance data. For the first time, evidence is presented for a relaxation process, which exhibits a non‐Arrhenius temperature dependence, in dry α‐chitin (∼0.1% moisture content), and likely represents the primary α‐relaxation. This evidence suggests a glass transition temperature for chitin of 335 ± 10 K estimated on the basis of the temperature dependence of the conductivity and of the relaxation time. A second relaxation in dry α‐chitin, not previously reported in the literature, is observed from 353 K to the onset of thermal degradation (∼483 K) and is identified as the σ‐relaxation often associated with proton mobility. It exhibits a normal Arrhenius‐type temperature dependence with activation energy of 113 ± 3 kJ/mol. The latter has not been previously reported in the literature. A high frequency secondary β‐relaxation is also observed with Arrhenius activation energy of 45 ± 1 kJ/mol. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 932–943, 2009 相似文献
997.
Hanneke M. L. Lambermont‐Thijs Richard Hoogenboom Charles‐André Fustin Cécile Bomal‐D'Haese Jean‐François Gohy Ulrich S. Schubert 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2009,47(2):515-522
The solution properties of random and block copolymers based on 2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline (EtOx) and 2‐nonyl‐2‐oxazoline (NonOx) were investigated in binary solvent mixtures ranging from pure water to pure ethanol. The solubility phase diagrams for the random and block copolymers revealed solubility (after heating), insolubility, dispersions, micellization as well as lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and upper critical solution temperature behavior. The random and block copolymers containing over 60 mol % pNonOx were found to be solubilized in ethanol upon heating, whereas the dissolution temperature of the block copolymers was found to be much higher than for the random copolymers due to the higher extent of crystallinity. Furthermore, the block copolymer containing 10 mol % pNonOx exhibited a LCST in aqueous solution at 68.7 °C, whereas the LCST for the random copolymer was found to be only 20.8 °C based on the formation of hydrophobic microdomains in the block copolymer. The random copolymer displayed a small increase in LCST up to a solvent mixture of 9 wt % EtOH, whereas further increase of ethanol led to a decrease in LCST, which is probably due to the “water‐breaking” effect causing an increased attraction between ethanol and the hydrophobic part of the copolymer. In addition, the EtOx‐NonOx block copolymers revealed the formation of micelles and dynamic light scattering demonstrated that the micellar size is increasing with increasing the ethanol content due to the enhanced solubility of EtOx. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 515–522, 2009 相似文献
998.
Cláudia M. Morais Valérie Montouillout Michael Deschamps Dinu Iuga Franck Fayon Filipe A. A. Paz João Rocha Christian Fernandez Dominique Massiot 《Magnetic resonance in chemistry : MRC》2009,47(11):942-947
From one‐ to two‐ and three‐dimensional MAS NMR solid‐state experiments involving 31P and 27Al, we show that the structure of microporous alumino‐phosphate AlPO4‐40 contains at least four times more sites than expected, and we attribute two types of AlIV sites. The newly described 27Al‐31P MQ‐HMQC opens new possibilities of describing details of three‐dimensional bounded networks. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
999.
Alexei V. Radchenko Sergei V. Kostjuk Irina V. Vasilenko François Ganachaud Fyodor N. Kaputsky Yohann Guillaneuf 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2008,46(20):6928-6939
A kinetic study of the living cationic polymerization of p‐methoxystyrene using 1‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)ethanol ( 1 )/B(C6F5)3 initiating system in a mixture of CH3CN with CH2Cl2 1:1 (v/v) at room temperature was carried out utilizing a wide variety of conditions. The polymerization proceeded in a living fashion even in the presence of a large amount of water ([H2O]/[B(C6F5)3] ratio up to 20) to afford polymers whose Mn increased in direct proportion to monomer conversion with fairly narrow MWDs (Mw/Mn ≤ 1.3). The investigation revealed that the rate of polymerization was first‐order in B(C6F5)3 concentration, while a negative order in H2O concentration close to ?2 was obtained. It was also found that the rate of polymerization decreased with lowering temperature, which could be attributed to a decreased concentration in free Lewis acid, the true coinitiator of polymerization. A mechanistic scheme to explain the kinetic behavior of living p‐methoxystyrene polymerization is proposed, which has been validated by PREDICI simulation on multiple‐data curves obtained by 1H NMR in situ polymerization experiment. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 6928–6939, 2008 相似文献
1000.