Produktsätze für Verfahren zur Limitierung von Doppelfolgen

{p _mn } - ₀₀>0, (1, 1) (1.1) (1.2). {s _mn } J _p - ( bJ _p -lims _mn =), (1.3) 0<x,y<1 p _s (, )/p(x, y) x, y 1-. {r _mn } - , (1.5) 0<, <1. N _rp - , (1.6). , bJ _p -lims _mn = bJ _q -lim(N _rps) _mn =. J _p - . , .     

Orthogonality and Additivity Modulo Z

Let E be a real inner product space of dimension at least 2. Suppose ? : E → ? satisfies If there exist a neighbourhood U of the origin and γ ∈ (0, 1/4) such that ?(U) ? (?γ,γ) + ?, then there exist a real constant c and a continuous linear functional g : E → ? such that Suppose Φ : E → ? satisfies If there exist a neighbourhood U of the origin and β ∈ (0, +∞) such that ¦Φ(x)¦ ≤ β?(Φ(x)) for every x ∈ U, then either Φ vanishes on E? {0} or there exist additive functions a : ? → ? and A : E → ?, a real constant c and a continuous linear functional g : E → ? such that      

Exploiting the benefits of miniaturization for the enhancement of DNA microarrays

The present study demonstrates that the best way to enhance DNA microarray assays, both in terms of analysis speed and in final spot intensity, is to dissolve the available molar amount of sample in the smallest possible buffer volume and to subsequently convect this solution continuously across the surface of the array. The presently proposed shear-driven flow system is pre-eminently suited for this task, as it allows to induce strongly enhanced lateral transport rates, independently of the degree of miniaturization of the hybridization chamber. This transport enhancement method, however, only increases the hybridization rate and not the final spot intensity, as neither can any of the other transport enhancement methods already proposed in literature. A series of experiments with synthetic single-stranded (ssDNA) samples and an accompanying mass balance analysis are presented to demonstrate these points.     

Magnetoswitchable electrochemistry gated by alkyl-chain-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles: control of diffusional and surface-confined electrochemical processes

Magnetic nanoparticles consisting of undecanoate-capped magnetite (average diameter ca. 5 nm) are used to selectively gate diffusional and surface-confined electrochemical reactions. A two-phase system consisting of an aqueous buffer solution and a toluene phase that includes the suspended undecanoate-capped magnetic nanoparticles is used to control the interfacial properties of the electrode surface. Two different phenomena are controlled by attraction of the magnetic nanoparticles to the electrode by means of an external magnet: (i) The attracted magnetic nanoparticles form a hydrophobic layer on the electrode surface resulting in the blocking of diffusional electrochemical processes, while retaining the redox functions of surface-confined electrochemical units. (ii) For certain surface-immobilized redox species (e.g., quinones), the attraction of the magnetic nanoparticles to the electrode surface alters the mechanism of the process from an aqueous-type electrochemistry to a dry organic-phase-type electrochemistry. Also, bioelectrocatalytic and electrocatalytic transformations at the electrode are controlled by means of attraction of the magnetic nanoparticles to the electrode surface. Controlling the catalytic functions of the modified electrode by means of the magnetic nanoparticles attracted to the electrode is exemplified in two different directions: (i) Blocking of the bioelectrocatalyzed oxidation of glucose by glucose oxidase (GOx) using a surface-confined ferrocene monolayer as electron-transfer mediator. (ii) Activation of the microperoxidase-11 electrocatalyzed reduction of cumene hydroperoxide. In the latter system, the hydrophobic magnetic nanoparticles adsorb toluene, and the hydrophobic matrix acts as a carrier for cumene hydroperoxide to the electrode surface modified with the microperoxidase-11 catalyst.     

Influence of the packing heterogeneity on the performance of liquid chromatography supports

We report on a series of plate height and flow resistance data obtained via computational fluid dynamics simulations in a simplified two-dimensional (2D) mimic of real packed bed and monolithic columns. By varying the external porosity (0.4 < epsilon < 0.8) and the degree of packing randomness, a good qualitative insight in the relationship between the packing porosity and heterogeneity and the general chromatographic performance parameters is obtained, unbiased by any differences in phase retention factor k', mobile phase diffusivity or viscosity or intra-skeleton porosity. The results provide a quantitative support for the use of domain size reduced plate heights as a means to compare the performance of chromatographic beds with a different porosity, as it was found that packings with a similar degree of packing heterogeneity yield very similar domain size reduced h(min)-values, nearly completely independent of the porosity. The study also clearly shows that the presence of preferential flow paths (inevitably accompanied by the presence of more clustered regions) leads to a decrease of the flow resistance, but also leads to a strong increase of the band broadening if supports with the same porosity epsilon and the same radial width are compared. For the presently considered 2D system, the flow resistance reduction is too small to overcome the corresponding strong increase in band broadening, such that the presence of preferential flow paths always leads to an overall increase of the separation impedance.     

Neolipid enzymatic synthesis

Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology - Enzymatic coupling of aminopolyols and medium-chain length fatty acids was carried out via the reverse action of a fungal lipase. Model reactants and...     

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF PHYTOCHROME IN THE BLUE- SPECTRAL REGION AS MEASURED IN VIVO AND IN VITRO

In the blue spectral region, the phototransformation difference spectrum of oat phytochrome extracted as P_fr differs from that of phytochrome extracted as P_r. The difference absorbance maximum for phytochrome extracted as P_fr is at 420 nm, while that extracted as P_r is at 412 nm. The phototransformation difference spectrum measured in the blue in oat coleoptile tips without inner leaves, corresponds very well with that of phytochrome as extracted in its P_fr form. There is, however, a slight apparent attenuation of the blue difference band relative to those in the red-far-red. In coleoptile tissue containing inner leaves, the blue difference band is relatively even more highly attenuated. A similar attenuation is observed in the blue, in the protochlorophyllide to chlorophyllide phototransformation difference spectrum. In the spectrum measured with excised coleoptile without inner leaves, there is a small attenuation, while in coleptile tissue with inner leaves the attentuation is nearly 9-fold. These data suggest that the observed attenuation is probably artifactual. Neither instrumental non-linearity nor fluorescence induced by the measuring beam could explain the observed attenuation. It is suggested that the observed attenuation is probably mainly the result of wavelength dependent scatter amplification, the amplification in the blue being attenuated by the high background absorption of other pigments in this region.     

Propolis and Diet Rich in Polyphenols as Cariostatic Agents Reducing Accumulation of Dental Plaque

Conducted studies indicate the relationship between oral health and systemic diseases. Moreover, the latest research indicated that cariogenic bacteria may severely influence the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection and increase risk of COVID-19 complications. This article aims to review various applications of propolis and pay attention to a healthy diet rich in polyphenols, which may allow the reduction of dental plaque accumulation. A literature review has been conducted from June until November 2021. It showed that propolis could be a useful agent in decreasing the accumulation of dental plaque. Moreover, a diet rich in polyphenols prevents cariogenic bacteria and reduces the accumulation of dental plaque. A reduction of a dental plaque may influence the risk of a severe course of COVID-19. Therefore, propolis and a diet rich in polyphenols may play an important role in prophylaxis of systemic diseases. Recently, it has been proven that oral infection may affect cardiovascular system, musculoskeletal system, respiratory system, nervous system, as well as may be a risk factor for diabetes mellitus. These aspects should stimulate clinicians to further research about polyphenols.     

β‐Peptides with Different Secondary‐Structure Preferences: How Different Are Their Conformational Spaces?

The conformational spaces accessible to two β‐hexapeptides in MeOH at 298 K and 340 K are investigated by molecular‐dynamics simulation with an atomistic model of both solute and solvent. The structural properties of these peptides have been previously studied by NMR in MeOH at room temperature. The experimental data could be fitted to a model (P)‐12/10‐helix for one of the peptides and a model hairpin with a ten‐membered H‐bonded turn for the other. The goal of the present work is to determine whether the conformational spaces accessible to these two peptides of seemingly different conformational properties contain any common regions. In other words, to what extent are the evident differences found at the macroscopic level also present at the microscopic structural level? It is found that, for the two peptides studied, the conformational spaces sampled in the respective simulations show significant overlap.     

Complementary Spaces and Multipliers of Double Fourier Series for Functions of Bounded Variation

Complementary spaces for Fourier series were introduced by G. Goes and generalized by M. Tynnov. In this paper we investigate a notion of complementary space for double Fourier series of functions of bounded variation. Various applications are given.